> Helisoma eucosmium (Bartsch 1908)

> Habitat & Distribution
Helisoma eucosmium has previously been reported from but two sites, both in the Cape Fear drainage of North Carolina: Greenfield Lake, in Wilmington (New Hanover County), and Town Creek, a swampy stream in Brunswick County (Baker 1945, Burch 1989, Adams and Brady 1995).  There is also a dubious record from Louisiana (Bartsch 1908).  Our discovery of a population in the Wiccacon River of NE North Carolina represents an important range extension.

> Ecology & Life history
Very little is known about the biology of H. eucosmium. The species was feared extinct until the discovery of the Town Creek population in 1994 (SCFTM 1990, Adams and Brady 1995). All the individuals at that locality inhabited a densely vegetated area at a depth of less than 3m.

> Taxonomy & Systematics
Burch (1989) suggested that Helisoma eucosmium might be a morphological variant of Helisoma anceps, and neither he nor Turgeon et al. (1998) included it in their systematic lists of the North American freshwater gastropod fauna.   Adams & Brady (1995) argued from their examination of fresh specimens that the species is validly distinct.  We agree.  In addition to its diminutive size and peculiar coloration, the aperture of H. eucosmium is distinctively oblique, as though the shell is carried more closely to the body than typical for H. anceps.

The classification of the Planorbidae proposed by the tag team of Baker (1945) and Hubendick (1955) remains, after 50 years, the basis for our understanding of this large and diverse family of pulmonates worldwide.  See Essay #1 below.

> Essay #1
The Classification of the Planorbidae.  1 Figure.

> Hubendick (1955)
classification of the Planorbidae, applied to North America.

> Maps of Helisoma distribution
Click the small map to enlarge it, or download the state-specific PDFs



North Carolina (PDF)

>References
Adams, W.F., and S.G. Brady. 1995. Rediscovery of the aquatic gastropod Helisoma eucosmium (Bartsch, 1908), (Basommatophora: Planorbidae). Brimleyana 22:23-29.   Baker, F.C. 1945. The Molluscan Family Planorbidae. The University of Illinois Press.  Urbana, Illinois.   Bartsch, P.  1908.  Notes on the fresh-water mollusk (Planorbis magnificus) and descriptions of two new forms of the same genus from the southern states.  Proc. US Nat. Mus. 33: 697-700.   Bogan, A. E., M. R. Raley and J. F. Levine (2003)  Final report on the taxonomic status of the Greenfield ramshorn, Helisoma eucosmium (Bartsch, 1908) and the magnificent ramshorn, Planorbella magnifica (Pilsbry 1903) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Planorbidae) from eastern North Carolina.  Unpublished report filed with the US Fish & Wildlife Service, Asheville.  22 pp.  Burch, J.B. 1989. North American Freshwater Snails. Malacological Publications, Hamburg, Michigan.  Hubendick, B.  (1955)  Phylogeny in the Planorbidae.  Trans. Zool. Soc. London 28: 453-542.  Scientific Council on Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks.  1990.  (W. F. Adams, Chair)  A report on the conservation status of North Carolina’s freshwater and terrestrial molluscan fauna.   Turgeon, D.D., et al. 1998. Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks. Amer Fish Soc Sp Pub 26, Bethesda, Maryland.