ARTH 395: HISTORY OF 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE
Instructor: Gene Waddell
Class meeting time: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:25-10:40
Office Hours: After class or by appointment (953-8016; waddelle@cofc.edu).
Course description (from the Undergraduate Catalog): A study of modern architecture from 1885 to the present concentrating on the American contributions of Sullivan and Wright, the European modernists, Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and post‑World War II developments.
Prerequisite: ARTH 101 or 102 or 245 or permission of the instructor.
Course objectives: to provide an understanding of how the changing functions for various buildings types were provided for through the application of new uses for building materials and new methods of constructions; to evaluate how well functions were achieved in major examples of 20th Century buildings; to show the principal sources of design which influenced the development of the personal styles of the most influential 20th Century architects and the extent of the influence of these architects on their contemporaries; to enable students to identify the best known 20th Century buildings and typical examples of the work the most influential architects.
Required books:
(1) The Architecture of McKim, Mead & White
in Photographs, Plans, and Elevations
(2) Drawings and Plans of Frank Lloyd
Wright: the Early Period (1893-1909)
(3) Frank Lloyd Wright: the Complete 1925 “Wendingen” Series
(4) Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture
All of these books are inexpensive paperbacks, and they consist largely of illustrations. All are worth keeping as part of your private library. Only short sections in two of the four books need to be read for this course, but all of the illustrations should be studied.
Required reading: The total amount of required reading is equivalent to about two books. Biographical information on the most influential architects needs to be read early in the course and so has been included along with the building types which are discussed initially. The texts to be read for this course consists of articles, chapters of books, etc., which are available on electronic reserve: http://ereserve.cofc.edu/coursepage.asp?cid=204. The password is: buildings. About 30 pages need to be read before each class. The illustrations in the readings need to be carefully considered. Unannounced quizzes will be given to determine how carefully this information has been evaluated.
Grading:
(1) Final exam—35 percent
(2) Mid-term exam—25 percent
(3) Paper—25 percent
(4) Unannounced quizzes—15 percent
Tests: All exams and quizzes will consist of multiple choice questions. There will be no intentionally misleading questions, but students will need to be able to identify buildings by architect, style, etc., and in some cases the buildings shown will not have been presented in lectures or readings. Students will also be expected to know approximately when building were constructed, where key buildings are located, the main materials and types of construction. The final exam will be cumulative.
Paper: The proposed topic for your paper must be submitted in writing no later than Tuesday, October 9, and your proposal should include at least a paragraph outlining how you plan to deal with your subject. The paper must be turned in no later than November 20. The objective in writing this paper should be to demonstrate the ability to apply knowledge you have learned in this course.
Attendance: Students are expected to attend all classes. If you know in advance that you will need to miss class or leave early, please email me.
Calendar for Fall 2001:
(1) Tues., Aug. 21: Skyscraper (Chicago Tribune Competition; the development of the skyscraper from the Chicago Office Block )
(2) Thurs., Aug. 23: Skyscraper (Sullivan to Mies; construction of the Empire State Building)
Readings: (A) Sprague, “Sullivan” and “Adler and Sullivan”; (B) Sullivan, “the Tall Office Building Artistically Considered” (1896).
(3) Tues., Aug. 28: Expositions (London, 1851; Paris, 1878; Chicago, 1893; Paris, 1925)
Readings: (A) Friebe, “Paris 1889: Exposition Universelle”; (B) Kaufman, “Frank Lloyd Wright.”
(4) Thurs., Aug. 30: Expositions (Werkbund, 1913-1914; Barcelona, 1929; Osaka, 1970)
Readings: (A) Muthesius and Van de Velde, “Werkbund theses and antitheses” (1914); (B) Isaacs, “Walter Gropius.”
(5) Tues., Sept. 4: Transportation (railroads; Pennsylvania Station, New York; Milan)
Readings: (A) Meeks, “Apogee of the Train-shed”; (B) Glaeser, “Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe”; (C) Mies, [five statements (1923, 1924—two, 1927, 1930, and 1950)]
(6) Thurs., Sept. 6: Transportation (airports)
Readings: (A) Heino, “Air Stations”; (B) Sekler and Sekler, “Le Corbusier”; (C) Le Corbusier and Jeanneret, “Five Points Towards a New Architecture.”
(7) Tues., Sept. 11: Sports Facilities (Olympic facilities; Rome Olympics, 1960)
Readings: (A) Gordon, “XVII Olympiad: Rome 1960”; (B) Nervi, “Academic Training of the Designer” and “Artistic Training.”
(8) Thurs., Sept. 13: Sports Facilities (Basketball)
Readings: (A) Penn, “the Basketball Floor…”; (B) Sudell and Waters, “Construction of Pavilions.”
(9) Tues., Sept. 18: Auditoriums and Theatres
Readings: (A) Harmon, “Auditoriums”; (B) Simonson and Hamlin, “Theatres.”
(10)Thurs., Sept. 20: Theatres (movie palaces)
Readings: Schlanger, “Motion-Picture Theatres.”
(11)Tues., Sept. 25: Governmental Buildings (federal: New Delhi, Chandigarh, Dacca)
Readings: (A) Irving, “Edwin Lutyens”; (B) Kahn, “Order Is.”
(12)Thurs., Sept. 27: Governmental Buildings (federal: Washington, D. C.)
Readings: Bedford, [“National Archives and the Federal Triangle”].
(13)Tues., Oct. 2: Industrial Buildings (factories)
Readings: (A) Sant’Elia and Marinetti, “Futurist architecture”; (B) Loos, “Ornament and Crime.”
(14)Thurs., Oct. 4: Commercial Buildings (Rockefeller Center)
Readings: Wallace K. Harrison, “Office Buildings.”
(15)Tues., Oct. 9: Churches (Unity Temple; Lutyen’s design for Liverpool Cathedral)
Readings: (A) Wright, “the Meaning of Materials—Concrete”; (B) Wright, “Designing Unity Temple.”
Thurs., Oct. 11: Mid-term exam.
(Tues., Oct. 16—Fall Break)
(16)Thurs., Oct. 18: Hotels
Readings: Wright, “the New Imperial Hotel.”
N. B.: Paper proposal needs to
be submitted.
(17) Tues., Oct. 23: Libraries
Readings: Githens, “Libraries.”
(18)Thurs., Oct. 25: Museums
Readings: (A) Bedford, [“National Gallery of Art in Washington”]; (B) Brawne, “Gallery of the 20th Century, Berlin…” “Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York (1956-1959),” and “Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse….”
(19)Tues., Oct. 30: Bauhaus
Readings: (A) Gropius, “Program of the Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimar” (1919); (B) Gropius, “the Theory and Organization of the Bauhaus” (1923); (C) Gropius, “Structural Instruction.”
(20)Thurs., Nov. 1: Colleges and Universities (Collegiate Gothic; Simon Fraser University)
Readings: Erickson, “Simon Fraser University.”
(21)Tues., Nov. 6: Suburban housing
Readings: (A) Wright, “Studies and Executed Works”; (B) Gropius, “Houses, Walk-ups or High-rise Apartment Blocks?” (1931)
(22)Thurs., Nov. 8: Suburban housing
Readings: Wright: (A) “the Logic of the Plan”; (B) “the Cardboard House.”
(23)Tues., Nov. 13: Weissenhof-Siedlung
Readings: (A) Wedepohl, “the Weissenhof Settlement”; (B) Luders, “a Construction, Not a Dwelling”; (C) “The Stuttgart Werkbund Houses.”
(24)Thurs., Nov. 15: High-rise apartment houses
Readings: (A) Le Corbusier, “Mass-Production Houses”; (B) Alpern, [four New York luxury apartments]; (C) Bailey, “the Case History of a Failure.”
(25)Tues., Nov. 20: City plans
Readings: Garnier, “Tony Garnier’s Preface to Une Cité Industrielle.”
N. B. Papers to be turned in.
(Thurs., Nov.22—Thanksgiving)
(26) Tues., Nov. 27: City planning theory
Readings: (A) Le Corbusier, “Guiding Principles of Town Planning” (1925) (B) “CIAM: La Sarraz Declaration” (1928); (C) “CIAM: Charter of Athens: Tenents” (1933).
(27)Thurs., Nov. 29: Modern architecture in retrospect
Readings: (A) Museum of Modern Art, “What is Modern Architecture?”; (B) Wolfe, “the Silver Prince”; (C) Venturi, “Nonstraightforward Architecture….”
(28) Tues., Dec. 3 (last lecture of course): Recent skyscrapers compared.
Saturday, December
8: FINAL EXAM, 8:00-11:00 A. M.
20th Century
Architects and Buildings Discussed
Aalto, Alvar (1898-1976)
1958-1962—Apartment Building, Bremen, Germany
Adler and Sullivan (partnership, 1883-1895; Dankmar Adler and Louis H. Sullivan)
1886-1890—Auditorium Building, Chicago
1890-1891—Wainwright Building, St. Louis
1894-1896—Guaranty Building, Buffalo
(See also, Sullivan, Louis H.)
Behrens, Peter (1868-1940)
1908-1909—A. E. G. Turbine Factory, Berlin (Allgemeine Elektricitäts
Gesellschaft)
Burnham and Root (partnership, 1873-1891; Daniel H. Burnham and JohnWellborn
Root); D. H. Burnham and Company (1891-1912)
1885-1887—The Rookery Building, Chicago
1889-1890—Monadnock Building, Chicago (Root)
1891-1894—Reliance Building, Chicago (begun by Root and redesigned by
Charles B. Atwood)
1893—World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago; Burnham and Root et al.
Cram, Ralph Adams (1863-1942)
1906-1914—St. Thomas Church, New York (Cram, Goodhue, and Ferguson)
Erickson, Arthur (1924- ); Erickson/Massey Associates, 1963-1972; Arthur
Erickson Architects, 1972- .
1963 Simon Fraser University Competition, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; first place with Geoffrey Massey
1964-1965—Central Mall and Transportation Centre, SFU (Erickson/Massey
Associates with Jeffrey Lindsay, engineer)
1968-1969—MacMillan Bloedel Building, Vancouver; Erickson/Massey
1970-1971—University of Lethbridge, Alberta; Erickson/Massey
Garnier, Tony (1869-1948)
1918 Une Cité Industrielle: Ētude pour la Construction des Villes.
Second edition, 1932.
Gropius, Walter (1883-1969)
1911-1912—Fagus Factory, Alfeld, Germany; Gropius and Meyer
1913-1914—Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne; Gropius and Meyer
1925-1926—Bauhaus, Dessau
Hood, Raymond M. (1881-1934)
1922-1925—Chicago Tribune Building; Howells and Hood
1928-1930—Daily News Building, New York; Howells and Hood
1929-1933—Rockefeller Center, New York; Reinhard and Hofmeister; Corbet,
Harrison and McMurray; and Hood and Fouilhoux
Howells, John Mead (1868-1959)
1922-1925—Chicago Tribune Building; Howells and Hood
1928-1930—Daily News Building, New York; Howells and Hood
Jenney, William Le Baron (1832-1907)
1884-1885—Home Insurance Building, Chicago
1889-1891—Second Leiter Building, Chicago
Kahn, Louis I. (1901-1974)
1962-1974—Sher-E-Banglanagar; Dacca, Bangladesh.
Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris; 1887-1965)
1928-1931—Villa Savoye, Poissy, France
1946-1952—Unité d’habitation, Marseilles, France
1951-1955—Chapel Notre-Dame du-Haut, Ronchamp, France
1953-1959—Convent La Tourette, Eveux-sur-Arbresle, France
1953-1963—Chandigarh, India
Lutyens, Edwin (1869-1944)
1912-1931—Viceroy’s House, New Delhi
1929—Liverpool Cathedral (project; part of crypt constructed)
McKim, Mead, and White (partnership: Charles Follen McKim [1847-1909]; William
Rutherford Mead [1846-1928] and Stanford White [1853-1906])
1882-1885—Henry Villard Houses, New York
1887-1898—Boston Public Library
1893-1902—Columbia University, New York
1896-1900—University Club, New York
1900-1905—Bank of Montreal
1902-1911—Pennsylvania Station, New York
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969)
1927—Apartment House, Werkbund Exposition; Stuttgart, Germany
1928-1930—Tugendhat House, Brno, Czechoslovakia
1929—German Pavilion, Barcelona
1948-1951—Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago (associated)
1950-1956—Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago
(associated)
1954-1958—Seagram Building (associated)
Nervi, Pier Luigi (1891-1979)
1929-1932—Municipal Stadium, Florence
1939-1942—Prefabricated hangars, Orvieto
1947-1949—Exhibition Hall B, Turino
1953-1958—UNESCO Conference Hall, Paris (with Bernard Zehrfuss and
Marcel Breuer)
1956-1957—Palazzeto dello Sport, Rome (with Annibale Vitellozzi)
1958-1959—Palazzo dello Sport, Rome (with Marcello Piacentini)
Neutra, Richard (1892-1970)
1927-1929—Lovell House, Los Angeles
1937—Strathmore Apartments, Los Angeles
Pei, I. M. (1917- )
1964—Green Center for the Earth Sciences, MIT, Cambridge
1967—University Plaza, New York University
1968—Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY
Perret, August (1874-1954)
1903-1904—Apartment Building, 25b rue Franklin, Paris
Pope, John Russell (1874-1937)
1933-1935—National Archives Building, Washington
1937—Duveen Sculpture Gallery, British Museum, London
1937—National Gallery of Art (completed by Eggers and Higgins, 1941)
Richardson, Henry Hobson (1838-1886)
1885-1887—Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago
Saarinen, Eero (1910-1961)
1945-1956—General Motor Technical Center (with Smith, Hinchman, and
Grylls)
1956-1962—Terminal, Trans World Airways, Kennedy Airport, New York
1960-1964—CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) Headquarters, New York
Saarinen, Eliel (1873-1950)
1922—Tribune Tower Competition; second place entry
Sant’Elia, Antonio (1880-1916)
1914—Included in exhibition of drawings (Nuove Tendenze), Milan; wrote preface to catalog (“Messaggio”; revised as Manifesto of Futurist Architecture)
SOM (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill; partnership founded in 1939 by John O. Merrill
[1896-1975], Louis Skidmore [1897-1962], and Nathaniel A. Owings [1903- ])
1952—Lever House, New York (Gordon Bunshaft, partner in charge)
1963—Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New
Haven (Gordon Bunshaft, partner in charge)
1974—Sears Tower, Chicago (110 stories)
Sullivan, Louis (1856-1924)—see also Adler and Sullivan
1898-1903—Schlesinger & Mayer Department Store (renamed Carson Pirie Scott
& Co. in 1904 and enlarged by Burnham in 1906), Chicago
Tange, Kenzo (1913- )
1961-1964—National Gymnasium, Tokyo Olympics
Wagner, Otto (1841-1918)
1904-1906, 1910-1912—Postal Savings Bank, Vienna
White, Stanford (1853-1906)—see McKim, Mead, and White
Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-1959)
1904—Larkin Company Administration Building, Buffalo, NY
1906—Unity Temple, Chicago
1908—Robie House, Chicago
1908-1912—Coonley House, Riverside, Illinois
1911—Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin (remodled 1914 and 1925)
1915-1922—Imperial Hotel, Tokyo
1924—Ennis House, Los Angeles
1936-1939—Fallingwater (Kaufman House), Mill Run, Pennsylvania
1938—Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona
1956—Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
1850-1851—Crystal Palace, London; Joseph Paxton (rebuilt 1852-1856 at Sydenham)
1882-1885—Henry Villard Houses, New York; McKim, Mead, and White
1884-1885—Home Insurance Building, Chicago; Jenney
1885-1887—Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago; Richardson
1885-1887—The Rookery Building, Chicago; Burnham and Root
1886-1890—Auditorium Building, Chicago; Adler and Sullivan
1887-1889—Eiffel Tower (976’; 300 m.), Paris Exposition; Gustave Eiffel
1887-1898—Boston Public Library; McKim, Mead, and White
1889—Galerie des Machines, Paris Exposition; Charles Louis Ferdinand Dutert
(architect) and Victor Contamin (engineer)
1889-1890—Monadnock Building, Chicago; Burnham and Root (Root)
1889-1891—Second Leiter Building, Chicago; Jenney
1890-1891—Wainwright Building, St. Louis; Adler and Sullivan
1892—reinforced concrete frame patented by François Hennebique
1893—World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago; Burnham and Root et al.
1893-1902—Columbia University, New York; McKim, Mead, and White
1894-1895—Reliance Building, Chicago; D. H. Burnham and Company (design begun
by Root in 1891 and redesigned by Charles B. Atwood)
1894-1896—Guaranty Building, Buffalo; Adler and Sullivan
1898-1903—Schlesinger & Mayer Department Store (renamed Carson Pirie Scott
& Co. in 1904 and enlarged by Burnham in 1906), Chicago; Sullivan
1903-1904—Apartment Building, 25b rue Franklin, Paris; Perret
1904—Larkin Company Administration Building, Buffalo, NY; Wright
1904-1906, 1910-1912—Postal Savings Bank, Vienna; Wagner
1905-- Plaza Hotel, New York; Henry Janeway Hardenbergh
1906—Unity Temple, Chicago; Wright
1906-1914—St. Thomas Church, New York (Cram, Goodhue, and Ferguson)
1908—Robie House, Chicago; Wright
1908-1912—Coonley House, Riverside, Illinois; Wright
1909-1918—Ford Motor Co., Highland Park Plant, Michigan; Albert Kahn
1911—Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin (remodled 1914 and 1925); Wright
1911-1912—Fagus Factory, Alfeld, Germany; Gropius and Meyer
1911-1913—Woolworth Building (760’), New York; Cass Gilbert
1911-1922—Lincoln Memorial, Washington; Henry Bacon
1912-1913—Jahrhunderthall, Breslau, Germany; Max Berg with Richard Konwiartz
1912-1931—Viceroy’s House, New Delhi; Lutyens
1913—Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco; Maybeck
1913—Grand Central Terminal, New York; Warren and Wetmore
1913-1914—Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne; Gropius and Meyer
1915-1922—Imperial Hotel, Tokyo; Wright
1916—Hangar, Orly Airport, Paris; Eugène Freyssinet
1919—Tower of the Third International, Moscow; project by Vladimir Tatlin
1922—Tribune Tower Competition, Chicago; first prize to Howell and Hood;
second to Eliel Saarinen
1923—Vers une Architecture (Towards a New Architecture) by Le Corbusier
1924—Ennis House, Los Angeles; Wright
1925—Art Deco Style popularized by the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs
et Industriels Modernes, Paris
1925-1926—Bauhaus, Dessau; Gropius
1927—Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart; separate buildings by Behrens, Gropius, Le
Corbusier, Mies, Oud, Poelzig, Stam, et al.
1927-1929—Lovell House, Los Angeles; Neutra
1928-1930—Tugendhat House, Brno, Czechoslovakia; Mies van der Rohe
1928-1931—Villa Savoye, Poissy, France; Le Corbusier
1928-1931—Empire State Building, New York; Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon
1929—Chrysler Building, New York; William Van Alen
1929—Liverpool Cathedral (project; part of crypt constructed); Lutyens
1929—German Pavilion, Barcelona; Mies van der Rohe
1929-1932—Municipal Stadium, Florence; Nervi
1929-1933—Rockefeller Center, New York; Reinhard and Hofmeister; Corbet,
Harrison and McMurray; and Hood and Fouilhoux (site plan and RCA
Building)
1931—PSFS (Philadelphia Saving Fund Society) Building, Philadelphia; Howe and
Lescaze
1933-1935—National Archives Building, Washington; Pope
1936-1939—Fallingwater (Kaufman House), Mill Run, Pennsylvania; Wright
1937—Duveen Sculpture Gallery, British Museum, London; Pope
1937—National Gallery of Art; Pope; completed by Eggers and Higgins, 1941
1937—Strathmore Apartments, Los Angeles; Neutra
1938—Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona; Wright
1939-1942—Prefabricated hangars, Orvieto; Nervi
1945-1956—General Motor Technical Center; Eero Saarinen with Smith, Hinchman, and
Grylls
1946-1952—Unité d’habitation, Marseilles, France; Le Corbusier
1947-1953—United Nations Buildings, New York; Harrison and Abramovitz, Le
Corbusier, Niemeyer, and Markelius
1948-1951—Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago; Mies van der Rohe (associated)
1950-1956—Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago; Mies van der
Rohe (associated)
1951-1955—Chapel Notre-Dame du-Haut, Ronchamp, France; Le Corbusier
1952—Lever House, New York; SOM (Bunshaft)
1953-1959—Convent La Tourette, Eveux-sur-Arbresle, France; Le Corbusier
1953-1958—UNESCO Conference Hall, Paris; Nervi with Bernard Zehrfuss and Marcel
Breuer
1953-1963—Chandigarh, India; Le Corbusier
1954-1958—Seagram Building, New York; Mies van der Rohe (associated)
1956—Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; Wright
1956-1957—Palazzeto dello Sport, Rome; Nervi with Annibale Vitellozzi
1956-1962—Terminal, Trans World Airways, Kennedy Airport, New York
1956-1968—Sydney Opera House (completed 1973), Australia; Jørn Utzon
1957-1964—Brasília; Oscar Niemeyer
1958-1959—Palazzo dello Sport, Rome (with Marcello Piacentini); Nervi
1958-1962—Apartment Building, Bremen, Germany; Aalto
1960-1964—CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) Headquarters, New York; Eero
Saarinen
1961-1964—National Gymnasium, Tokyo Olympics; Tange
1962—Vanna Venturi House, Philadelphia; Robert Venturi
1962-1974—Sher-E-Banglanagar; Dacca, Bangladesh; Kahn
1962-1976—World Trade Center, New York; Minoru Yamasaki
1963—Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University; SOM (Bunshaft)
1963—Chicago Civic Center, Chicago; C. F. Murphy Associates, supervising architects;
SOM; Loebl, Schlossman & Bennett, associate architects
1963--Simon Fraser University Competition, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; first
place with Geoffrey Massey
1963-1968—Ford Foundation Headquarters, New York; Roche and Dinkeloo
1964—Green Center for the Earth Sciences, MIT, Cambridge; Pei
1964—New York State Theatre, Lincoln Center, New York; Philip Johnson Associates
1964-1965—Central Mall and Transportation Centre, SFU (Erickson/Massey
Associates with Jeffrey Lindsay, engineer)
1965-1970—John Hancock Center, Chicago; Bruce Graham and SOM
1966—Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture by Robert Venturi published by the
Museum of Modern Art, New York
1967—University Plaza, New York University; Pei
1968—Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY; Pei
1968-1969—MacMillan Bloedel Building, Vancouver; Erickson/Massey
1958-1962—Art and Architecture Building, Yale University; Paul Rudolph
1964-1967—Hyatt Regency Hotel, Atlanta; John Portman and Associates
1970-1971—University of Lethbridge, Alberta; Erickson/Massey
1971-1977—Pompidou Center, Paris; Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers
1972—Olympic Stadium, Munich; Behnisch & Partner with Gunther Grzimek (roof by
Frei Otto)
1974—Sears Tower, Chicago (110 stories)
1975—Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles; Cesar Pelli
1975—Five Architects: Eisenman, Graves, Gwathmey, Hejduk, Meier published by
Oxford University Press, New York.
1978—Piazza d’Italia, New Orleans, La.; Charles Moore and August Perez Associates
1978--AT&T Building, New York; Johnson/Burgee Architects
1983—Staatsgalerie Extension, Stuttgart; James Stirling
1986—Hongkong Bank, Hong Kong; Foster Associates of London
GW21VIII1