INTRODUCTION
TO ARCHITECTURE
ARCH-245—001
(Spring 2005)
Instructor: Gene Waddell
Class meeting
time: Tuesday and Thursdays, 9:25-10:40
Place: Simons Center, room 309
Office
Hours: After class or by appointment
(953-7428; waddelle@cofc.edu)
Course
description
(from the Undergraduate Catalog): “A
survey of the history of Western Architecture that will analyze architecture in
terms of function, structure, form, cultural and historical context.”
Prerequsite:
not required.
Required
readings: Available online through www.cofc.edu/~library ; e-reserves;
Reserves & Reserve Pages. No
textbook is required.
Grades:
(1) Mid-term exam—25 percent for
material covered in lectures in the
first half of the course including assigned readings
(2)
Final exam—25 percent for material covered in lectured during
the second half of course including assigned readings
(3)
Paper—25 percent
(4)
Attendance—25 percent; one point will be earned for attending each
class for up to 25 points).
Attendance:
Most questions on exams will be about information presented in
lectures. You must sign the roll to
receive one point per class (up to a maximum of 25 points for 27 lectures). Usually, a medical excuse is required for a
make-up exam or an incomplete. All
excuses should be submitted to the Office of Undergraduate Studies: undergrad@cofc.edu
.
Exams: The exams will consist of multiple-choice questions about the buildings listed under the heading “Main Topics of Lectures.” Each of the two exams will consist of 50 questions about approximately 40 buildings. You will need to recognize the most important buildings from the first half of the course for the final exam, particularly to answer question about sources of design. Buildings mentioned for comparison that are not on the list will not be on the exams.
The
questions will require that students recognize the last name of the architect,
the country in which the building was designed, the material used, the method
of construction, the major influences on its design, major examples of its
influence, and the date within a century.
About a week before the mid-term and final, I will give you a set of the
small images that you will need to be able to identify on the exams.
Up
to 20 points on each exam will depend on your answer to one question: Approximately how much of the assigned
readings did you read with care: 20%,
40%, 60%, 80%, or 100%? The readings
will also help you to learn information needed to do well on exams without
memorization.
Please
keep a copy of each exam. The answers
will be recorded on Scantron sheets, and you will receive a printout with your
correct and incorrect answers indicated.
After everyone has taken each exam, the correct answers will be
emailed.
Vocabulary needed:
The following terms will be defined in class and will be used frequently
in class and in the readings: aisle,
apse, aqueduct, arcade, arch, architrave, ashlar, attic, balustrade, barrel
vault, basilica, bracket, cantilever, capital, cella, centering, coffer,
colonnade, column, Composite, concrete, corbel, Corinthian, cornice, cross
vault, dome, Doric, drum, enframement, engaged column, entablature, entasis,
flutes, fornices, forum, frieze, gabled roof, hipped roof, Ionic, interaxial,
intercolumniation, limestone, lintel, marble, module, monolith, Orders,
monumental order, palazzo, pediment, pendentive, peristyle, piano nobile,
parapet, pedestal, pier, pilaster, podium, portico, proportion, rustication,
symmetry, triumphal arch, truss, Tuscan, villa, voussoir.
Paper: From the buildings listed in “Main
Topics of Lectures,” please select a building you admire and want to know more
about. The paper needs to be a
comprehensive analysis of all aspects of the design and construction of a
single building, and special emphasis should be given to how design sources
were adapted. You need to demonstrate
that you can apply what you have learned in this course and your ability to
utilize available resources for research.
The
paper must be at least 10 typed pages (double-spaced). Illustrations are not
required and do not count towards the total number of pages, but one or more
should be included if needed to make points clearly and effectively. Any quotations included should be short and
to the point. Specific references need to be included to your principle sources
of information. Any type of citation
may be used. When possible, you should
cite primary sources including your observations about the building
itself. Opinions from secondary sources
should not be used as evidence. You are
welcome to indicate you own opinions providing you give reasons for them.
Here are some questions to consider
while seeking information for your papers:
(1) On Design:
--Who designed
the building and when was it designed and constructed?
--Do any
drawings, specifications, and building accounts survive?
--What were
the functional requirements?
--What were
the principle design sources and how were they used?
--Was the
building constructed as designed?
--Did the
architect change the design during construction?
--Does the
building itself show evidence of change?
--Are early
photographs or descriptions of the building available?
--Was the
building equally well designed in all respects?
--How could it
have been better designed?
(2) On Construction:
--What
materials were used for the foundations, walls, and roof?
--What methods
of construction were used?
--What
structural principles were used?
--Was the
building as well constructed as it was designed?
--How well has
the building held up?
I
do not expect answers to all questions, but you should try to answer as many
questions as possible to determine how a building initially looked, why it was
designed and constructed as it was, and how well it functioned.
The
deadline for submitting the topic of your paper is March 17th, and the deadline
for submitting your paper is April 19th at the beginning of class. Please send
your topic to waddelle@cofc.edu , and I
will try to provide suggestions on the most reliable sources of information, to
indicate when adequate information may not be available, and to prevent a
misunderstanding that might prevent you from completing the course on time.
Course objectives and principal goals:
--to provide a
framework for understanding and appreciating the development
of
Western Architecture
--to introduce
the principal design approaches, building materials and
techniques,
building types, and design elements
--to enable
students to recognize the most influential buildings and to know basic
information
about the key buildings of each period
--to show the
influence of periods, styles, and specific buildings on one another
--to indicate
what is most distinctive about each period and style
--to provide a
basic vocabulary to learn about and discuss architecture
--to
facilitate identifying, analyzing, and appreciating buildings
--to
demonstrate how any architectural vocabulary can be adapted continually
and
creatively
--to provide
relevant contextual information about the principal architects and
periods
of Western Architecture
Main
Topics of Lectures
N.
B.: Most dates are from the Macmillan
Encyclopedia of Architects.
13 Jan.
(Thurs.): Egyptian Architecture
Imhotep
(flourished c. 2635-2595 B. C.)
Pyramid
of King Zoser and Neterikhet's Complex, Saqqara, 2620-2600 BC
Anon.
Temple
of Amun, Karnak, 1530-323BC
18 Jan.
(Tues.): Greek Doric
Libon of Elis
(flourished c. 470-450 BC)
Temple
of Zeus, Olympia, 468-457 BC (ruins)
Iktinos and
Kallicrates (flourished mid-5th Cen. BC)
Parthenon
(with Kallicrates), Athens, 447-438 BC
Temple
of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai, c. 429-427, 414-400 BC
Mnesicles
(flourished 437-c. 415 BC)
Propylea, Athens, 437-432 BC
20 Jan.
(Thurs.): Greek Ionic
Kallicrates
(flourished c. 450-420 BC)
Temple
of Athena Nike, c. 425-423 BC
Erechtheion,
Athens, 421-407 (attribution)
Pytheos
(flourished 334 BC)
Temple
of Athena Polias, Priene, dedicated 334 BC
Paeonius of
Ephesus and Daphnis of Miletos (flourished 313 BC)
Temple
of Apollo Didymaios, Didyma, 313 BC-AD c. 41
25 Jan.
(Tues.): Greek Corinthian
Polykleitos
the Younger (d. 350 BC)
Tholos,
Epidauros, begun c. 365 BC
Theatre,
Epidauros, begun c. 360 BC
Cossutius
Olympieion,
Athens, c. 170 BC-AD c. 120 (completed by Hadrian)
27 Jan.
(Thurs.): Early Roman Architecture
Nemausus
Maison
Carrée, Nîmes, begin 19 BC
Severus and
Celer
Domus
Aurea (Golden House; Nero’s Palace), Rome, 64-48
1 Feb. (Tues.): Apollodurus (florished AD c. 110)
Bridge
Across the Danube at Drobeta (Turnu-Severin, Romania)--c. 105
Trajan's
Baths, Rome, opened 109
Trajan’s
Forum, Rome, consecrated 112 (Basilica Ulpia and Market Hall)
Insula,
Via Bibaratica, Rome, c. 112
3 Feb.(Thurs.): Hadrian (76-138)
Hadrian's
Villa, Tivoli (attributed), c. 117-138
Pantheon,
Rome (attributed), c. 125-130
Temple
of Venus and Rome, Rome, 121-136 (rebuilt 307-312)
Hadrian's
Tomb and Bridge, Rome (attributed), c. 135
8 Feb.
(Tues.): Reigns of Diocletian
and Maxentius
Anon.
Baths
of Diocletian, Rome, c. 298-306 (compared with Trajan’s Baths and
Caracalla’s Baths)
Diocletian’s
Palace, Split, c. 300-306
Temple
of Venus and Rome, 307-312 (as rebuilt)
Basilica
Nova, Rome, 307-312
10 Feb.
(Thurs.) Byzantine Architecture
Anthemios of
Tralles with Isidoros of Miletus(6th Cen.)
Hagia
Sophia, Istanbul, 532-537; dome rebuilt in 563
Anon.
St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice,
1063-1096
Cathedral
of St. Front, Périguex, c. 1125-1150
15 Feb.
(Tues.): Early Christian and
Romanesque Architecture
Anon.
Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, c.
300
Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c.
450
Tomb of Theodoric, Ravenna, 520
S.
Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, c. 530-549
St.
Ētienne (Abbaye-aux-Hommes), Caen, begun c. 1068; towers, 13th Cen.
Cathedral,
Durham, 1093-1133
17 Feb.
(Thurs.): Gothic Architecture
Anon.
Abbey
Church, St. Denis, ambulatory and front, 1140-1144
Notre
Dame, Paris, 1163-c. 1250
Herland, Hugh
(florished c. 1395)
Westminster
Hall roof, London, c. 1394-c. 1402
Anon.
House
of Jacques Coeur, Bourges, 1443-1451
Bray,
Reginald (c. 1440-1503)
Chapel
of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London, 1503
22 Feb.
(Tues.): Early Renaissance
Brunelleschi,
Filippo (1377-1446)
Dome of the Duomo, Florence,
1417-1416 (with Ghiberti)
San Lorenzo, Florence, 1419
Michelozzo
Michelozzi (1396-1472)
Medici Palace, Florence, begun 1444
(enlarged in the same style in the 17th
Century for the Riccardi)
Bramante,
Donato (1444?-1514)
Tempietto,
Rome, 1504
Cloister
of Santa Maria della Pace, Rome, 1504
St.
Peter's, Rome (concept), 1505-1506 (redesigned by Michelangelo et al.)
Raphael's
House, Rome, begun 1509 (destroyed)
24 Feb.
(Thurs.): Peruzzi and Raphael
Peruzzi,
Baldassarre (1481-1536)
Palazzo
della Farnesina (Chigi), Rome, 1505-1511
Palazzo
Massimo alle Colonne, Rome 1533-1536 (completed later)
Raphael
(Raphaello Sanzio; 1483-1520)
Villa
Madama, Rome, 1518
1 Mar.
(Tues.): Michelangelo Buonarotti
(1475-1564)
Biblioteca
Laurenziana, Florence, 1524-1534 (completed 1571)
Piazza
del Campidoglio, Rome, 1539-1564 (completed later; Palazzo
Nuovo
[Museo Capitolino], begun 1546)
St.
Peter's Basilica, 1547, 1558-1564 (dome completed 1590; front redesigned)
3 Mar.
(Thurs.): MIDTERM EXAM
(6-12
March: Spring Break)
15 Mar
(Tues.): Palladio, Andrea
(1508-1580)
Villa
Foscari (Malcontenta), Gambarrare, c. 1549-1553
Villa
Rotunda (Almerico-Capra), Vicenza, 1565/66-1569
Palazzo
Valmarana, Vicenza, 1565/66-1571
Il
Redentore (Redeemer), Venice, 1576/77-1580 (completed 1591)
17 Mar.
(Thurs.): Baroque and Rococo
Bernini,
Giovanni Lorenzo (1598-1680)
Piazza
di San Pietro, Rome, 1656-1667
Sant'Andrea
al Quirinale, Rome 1658-1670
Borromini,
Francesco (1599-1667)
S.
Ivo della Sapienza, Rome, 1642-1650
Pöppelmann,
Matthäus Daniel (1662-1736)
Zwinger,
Dresden, 1705, 1708-1722
Neumann,
Balthasar (1687-1753)
Pilgrimage
Church, Vierzehnheiligen (1742-1772)
Term Paper
Topics due
in writing by email to waddelle@cofc.edu
22 Mar.
(Tues.): English Renaissance
Jones, Inigo
(1573-1652)
Queen’s
House (Greenwich Palace), Greenwich, 1616-1635
Wren,
Christopher (1632-1723)
St.
Stephen Walbrook, London (1672-1687)
Library,
Trinity College, Cambridge, 1676-1684
Gibbes, James
(1682-1754)
St.
Martin-in-the Fields, London, 1721-1726
24 Mar.
(Thurs.): French Renaissance and
Neoclassicism
Mansart,
Francois (1598-1666)
Château
Neuf, Blois, 1635-1638
Château
de Maisons, Maisons, 1642-1646
Le Vau, Louis
(1612-1670)
Château
de Vaux-le-Vicomte, Melum, 1657-1661
Perrault,
Claude (1613-1688)
Louvre façade, 1667-1670 (with Le
Vau and Charles Le Brun)
Hardouin-Mansart,
Jules (1646-1708)
Place
Vendôme, Paris, begun 1698
Gabriel, Ange
Jacques (1698-1782)
Buildings
on the Place Louis XV (Place de la Concorde), Paris, 1755
Petit
Trianon, Versailles, 1761-1768
Soufflot,
Jacques-Gabriel (1713-1780)
Sainte-Geneviève
(Panthéon), Paris, 1755-1780 (completed later)
29 Mar.
(Tues.): Country Houses and Row
Houses
Adam, Robert
(1728-1792)
Syon
(anteroom), Middlesex, 1760-1769
Kedleston
Hall, Derbyshire (hall and south front), c. 1760-1771
Derby
House, London, 1773-1774 (destroyed)
Fitzroy
Square, London, 1790-1794
Wood, John,
the Younger (1728-1781)
Royal
Crescent, Bath, 1767-1777
Percier,
Charles (1764-1838), and Pierre F. L. Fontaine (1762-1853)
Rue
de Rivoli, 1802-1835
31 Mar.
(Thurs.): Ledoux and His Influence
Ledoux,
Claude Nicolas (1736-1806)
Château
for Madame Du Barry, Louveciennes, 1771-1773
Pavillion
Guimard, Paris, 1771-1773 (destroyed)
Salt
Works, Arc et Senans, 1778-1783
Barrières
(Portes; Propylées) de Paris, 1784-1789
Thomon,
Thomas de (1754-1813)
Bourse,
St. Petersburg, 1805-1816
Chalgrin,
Jean-François-Thérèse, et al.
Arc
de Triomphe de l’Etoile, Paris, 1806-1836
5 Apr. (Tues.):
American Greek Revival
Jefferson,
Thomas (1743-1826)
Library,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1817-1826
Latrobe,
Benjamin Henry (1764-1820)
Roman
Catholic Cathedral (Basilica), Baltimore, 1804-1818
Mills, Robert
(1781-1855)
Fireproof
Building, Charleston, 1822-1826
Walter,
Thomas Ustick (1804-1887)
Girard
College, Philadelphia 1833-1848
7 Apr.
(Thurs.): Schinkel, Karl
Friedrich (1781-1841)
Schauspielhaus,
Berlin, 1819-1821
Altes
Museum, Berlin, 1824-1830
12 Apr.
(Tues.): European Beaux Arts
Garnier,
Charles (1825-1898)
Opéra,
Paris, 1860-1875
Calderini,
Guglielmo (1837-1916)
Palazzo di Giustizia, Rome
(1889-1910)
Lutyens,
Edwin (1869-1944)
Viceroy's
Palace, New Delhi, 1912-1931
Stacchini,
Ulisse (1871-1947)
Central
Station, Milan, 1912, 1926-1931
14 Apr.
(Thurs.): Expositions and Their
Influence
Paxton,
Joseph (1803-1865)
Crystal Palace, London, 1850-1851
(rebuilt at Sydenham, 1852-1854;
destroyed by fire, 1936)
Baltard,
Victor (1805-1874)
Les Halles, Paris, 1853-1866
(enlarged in the 1930s; demolished 1973)
Mengoni,
Giuseppe
Galleria
Vittorio Emaneule II, Milan, 1863-1867
Dutert,
Charles-Louis-Ferdinand (1845-1906)
Galerie des Machines, International
Exposition, Paris, 1889
Burnham &
Root, Frederick Law Olmsted, et al.
Site plan, World’s Columbian
Exposition, Chicago, 1891-1893
Nervi, Pier
Luigi (1891-1979)
Exhibition Hall B, Torino, 1947-1949
19 Apr.
(Tues.): American Beaux Arts
Richardson,
Henry Hobson (1838-1886)
Marshall
Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago, 1885-1887
McKim, Mead,
and White, 1879-1920 (Charles Follen McKim, 1847-1909; William
Rutherford Mead, 1846-1928; and Stanford White, 1853-1906)
Villard
Houses, New York, 1882-1885 (White, partner in charge)
Public Library, Boston, 1888-1892
(McKim, partner in charge)
Columbia
University, New York, 1893-1902 (McKim, partner in
charge)
Pennsylvania
Station, New York, 1902-1911 (destroyed; McKim,
partner in charge)
Term Papers
Due
at the beginning of this class.
21 Apr.
(Thurs.): Sullivan and Wright
Adler and
Sullivan (partnership, 1883-1895; Dankmar Adler, 1844-1900, and
Louis H. Sullivan, 1856-1924)
Wainwright Building, St. Louis,
1890-1891
Wright, Frank
Lloyd (1867-1959)
Coonley
House, Riverside, 1908-1912
Imperial
Hotel, Tokyo, 1915-1922
27 April
(Tues.): Skyscrapers
Jenny,
William LeBaron (1832-1907)
Second Leiter Building, Chicago,
1889-1890
Howells and
Hood (John Mead Howells, 1868-1959, and Raymond Mathewson
Hood, 1881-1934)
Tribune
Tower, Chicago, first prize, 1922-1925
Panhellenic
Apartments, New York, 1928 (Howells alone)
Shreve, Lamb,
and Harmon
Empire
State Building, 1928-1931
Reinhard and
Hofmeister; Corbett, Harrison and MacMurray; and Hood,
Goodley
&Fouilhoux (Hood designed the site plan and RCA Building.)
Rockefeller
Center, New York, 1929-1933
Le Corbusier
(Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris; 1887-1965)
Unité
d'habitation, Marseilles, 1946-1952
Mies van der
Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969; associated)
Lake Shore Drive Apartments,
Chicago, 1948-1951
May 3
(Tues): Final Exam
Readings
(1) 13 Jan.—Egyptian Architecture—illustrations only
(2) 18 Jan.—Greek Doric—Sections on the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, and the Parthenon; William Bell Dinsooor, Architecture of Ancient Greece, pp. 151-170.
(3) 20 Jan.—Greek Ionic—“Aspects of Structure and Technique”; J. J. Coulton, Ancient Greek Architects at Work: Problems of Structure and Design, pp. 140-181.
(4) 25 Jan.—Greek Corinthian—illustrations only
(5) 27 Jan.—Early Roman—“The Education of the Architect” and other selections; Vitruvius, Ten Books of Architecture (Morgan translation), pp. 5-17, 72-75, and167-169.
(6) 1 Feb.—Apollodorus—selections from three sources:
(A) Letter on the villa at Laurentum; Pliny,
Epistles (from J. J. Pollitt, the Art of
Rome, c. 753 B. C.-A. D. 337: Sources and Documents, pp. 171-174.
(B) “On Climate as Determining the Style of the House” and other selections;
Vitruvius (cf. no. 5), pp. 170-181.
(C) “Ground Rules: Arithmetic and Geometry”; Mark Wilson Jones, Principles
of Roman Architecture, pp. 87-106.
(7) 3 Feb.—Hadrian—“The Small Baths at Hadrian’s Villa”; William L. MacDonald and Bernard M. Boyle, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 39 (Mar. 1980), pp. 5-27.
(8) 8 Feb.—Diocletian and Maxentius—“Marble Cutters and Lime-Burners of Medieval and Renaissance Rome”; Rodolfo Lanciani, the Destruction of Ancient Rome: a Sketch of the History of the Monuments, pp. 180-197.
(9) 10 Feb.—Byzantine Architecture—“The Church Today: Materials and Structural Systems”; Rowland J. Mainstone, Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church, pp. 67-83.
(10) 15 Feb.—Early Christian Architecture—“Education of the Architect”; John Harvey, the Medieval Architect, pp. 87-100.
(11) 17 Feb.—Gothic Architecture—selections from two sources:
(A) “Sources of Information”; John Fitchen, the Construction of
Gothic
Cathedrals, pp. 1-8.
(B) “The Abby of Saint-Denis”; Whitney S. Stoddard, Art and
Architecture in
Medieval France: Medieval Architecture, Sculpture, Stained Glass, Manuscripts, the Art of the Church Treasuries, pp. 101-111.
(12) 22 Feb.—Early Renaissance Architecture—selections from two sources:
(A) Section on designing the dome for the Duomo, Florence from the life of
Filippo Burnelleschi; Vasari’s Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Foster translation), p. 423-435.
(B) “Bramante’s First Work in Rome: the Cloister of S. Maria della Pace”;
Arnaldo Bruschi, Bramante, pp. 71-85.
(13) 24 Feb.—Peruzzi and Raphael—“Chronological Outline for Italian Architecture of the 16th and 17th Centuries” and illustrations.
(14) 1 Mar.—Michelangelo—illustrations only.
(15) 15 Mar.—Palladio—a comparison of the contents of the principal writings by Vitruvius, Alberti, Serlio, and Palladio and selections from two editions of Palladio’s Four Books:
(A) “On the Pantheon, Called the Rotonda Today” (Tavernor and Schofield
translation), pp. 285-286.
(B) “Of the Several Particulars that Ought to be Consider’d and Prepar’d Before
We Begin to Build” and other selections (Ware translation), pp. 1-7, 10-11, 28-31, 37-39, 46-48, 100-101.
(16) 17 Mar.—Baroque and Rococo—“Sant’Andrea al Quirinale”; T. A. Marder, Bernini and the Art of Architecture, chapter 8.
(17) 22 Mar.—English Renaissance—“Campbell, Colen (1676-1729)”; Eileen Harris, British Architectural Books and Writers, 1556-1785, pp. 139-148.
(18) 24 Mar.—English Renaissance and Neoclassicism—“The Column” and other selections; Marc-Antoine Laugier, an Essay on Architecture (Herrmann and Hermann translation), pp. 14-27.
(19) 29 Mar.—Country Houses and Row Houses—selections from two sources:
(A) “Preface” and other sections; the Works
in Architecture of Robert and James
Adam, pp. 1-3.
(B) “The London House and Its Builders”; John Summerson, Georgian London,
49-66.
(20) 31 Mar.—Ledoux and His Influence—“The Later Works: the Barrières of Paris; Project for Aix; the Ideal Town of Chaux”; Allan Braham, the Architecture of the French Enlightenment, pp. 190-209.
(21) 5 Apr.—American Greek Revival—selections from two sources:
(A) “Report on the U. S. Capitol” and other selections; John C. Van Horne, ed.,
the Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, vol. 2, pp., 831-835 and 1010-1018; vol. 3, pp. 239-245.
(B) “Architecture in the History of the Colonies and of the Republic”; Fiske
Kimball, the American Historical Review 27 (Oct. 1921), 47-57.
(22) 7 Apr.—Schinkel—“the New Museum in Berlin”; Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Collection of Architectural Designs Including Designs Which Have Been Executed and Objects Whose Execution Was Intended, pp. 41-43.
(23) 12 Apr.—European Beaux Arts—“Paris”; Louis H. Sullivan, the Autobiography of an Idea, pp. 219-240.
(24) 14 Apr.—Expositions and Their Influence—illustrations only.
(25) 19 Apr.—American Beaux Arts—“Methods of Teaching”; Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer, Henry Hobson Richardson and His Works, 123-131.
(26) 21 Apr.—Sullivan and Wright—selections from two sources:
(A) “The Logic of the Plan”; Frank Lloyd Wright, In the Cause of Architecture,
pp. 153-161.
(B) “Building the New House” and other selections; Frank Lloyd Wright, “An
Autobiography,” 165-184.
(27) 26 Apr.—Skyscraper—selections from four sources:
(A) “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered”; Louis H. Sullivan,
Kindergarten Chats, 202-213.
(B) “Program of the Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimar”; Walter Gropius in Ulrich
Conrads, ed., Programs and Manifestoes on 20th Century Architecture, pp. 49-53.
(C) “Towards a New Architecture: Guiding Principles”; Le Corbusier in ibid.,
pp. 59-62.
(D) “Five Points Towards a New Architecture”; Le Corbusier in ibid., pp. 99-
101.
(28) Appendix: “The 100 Best Architecture Books.”
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