1.  Be able to define the following terms and give examples where appropriate:
 

life cycle	sexual reproduction	genome	asexual reproduction	chromosomes
cell division	binary fission	chromatin	sister chromatids	centromere
cell cycle	interphase	mitosis	cytokinesis	mitotic (M) phase
prophase	metaphase	anaphase	telophase	mitotic spindle
centrosomes (MTOC)	cleavage furrow	cell plate	anchorage dependence	density-dependent inhibition
growth factor	cancer cells	tumor	benign tumor	malignant tumor
metastasis	carcinomas	sarcomas	leukemias	lymphomas
somatic cell	homologous chromosomes	locus	autosomes	sex chromosomes
diploid cell	gamete	haploid cell	fertilization	zygote
meiosis	crossing over	chiasma	genetic recombination	karyotype
trisomy 21	Down syndrome	nondisjunction	deletion	duplication
inversion	translocation

2.  What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?
3.  Be able to describe how bacteria divide.  What is a clone?
4.  Understand the structure of DNA in eukaryotic cells, both when the cell is in interphase, and when the cell is dividing?  Why does the DNA look different at these different times in the cell's life cycle?  Understand how (and when) sister chromatids are formed, and how sister chromatids are related to one another.
5.  Understand the cell cycle.  Be able to draw the cell cycle, correctly placing G1, S, G2, and M phases.  Which three phases are found in interphase?  What can M phase be divided into?  Make sure you know where the three major checkpoints in the cell cycle are, and what the cell does when it gets to a checkpoint.
6.  Fully understand the diagram on pages 132-133.  If I tell you that a cell has a diploid number of 6, you should be able to draw all of the stages for that cell.  Know what happens in the cell during each phase (when is the spindle formed, etc.).  Understand the differences in cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
7.  What are some of the characteristics that normal, healthy cells grown in tissue culture exhibit?  How are growth factors important?
8.  How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?  What do all cancer cells have in common?
9.  Understand the relationship between homologous chromosomes.  Where does each member of the pair originate from?  What is meiosis?
10.  Fully understand the diagram on pages 140-141.  If I tell you that a cell has a diploid number of 6, you should be able to draw all stages for that cell.  know what happens in the cell during each phase of meiosis I and meiosis II.
11.  Make sure that you understand how genetic variation arises from independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis, from random fertilization, and from crossing over.  Explain what crossing over is and how it leads to genetic variation.  Draw a diagram to explain.
12.  What is a karyotype?  What is nondisjunction?  Explain how nondisjunction can lead to abnormal chromosome numbers.  What are some different abnormalities of chromosome number in humans?
13.  Explain the different alterations in chromosome structure, and how they can cause birth defects and cancer.