LIPIDS

Definition: water insoluble biomolecules, no specific functional group
Functions: 1) cell membrane (phospholipids)
2) energy storage (triglycerides)
3) transport of nonpolar compounds (lipoproteins, bile salts)
4) insulation (triglycerides)
5) chemical messengers (steroid hormones, prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
6) nerve & brain tissue (sphingolipids, cerebrosides)

Fatty acids: long chain carboxylic acids (10-20 carbons, even #)
Saturated: animal fat, solids, no C=C
Unsaturated: vegetable or fish oil, liquids, at least one C=C (cis)
Waxes: fatty acid + alcohol = ester

Iodine number: measure of degree of unsaturation
Hydrogenation: addition of hydrogen

Saponification: triglyceride + NaOH glycerol + soap
Micelle: aggregate of soap molecule

Non-water soluble Vitamins
A: vision (liver, carrots, spinach)
D: Ca2+ absorption (spinach, milk)
E: antioxidant (fish, cheese, eggs)
K: blood clotting agent (spinach, potato, liver)

Steroid: characteristic ABCD ring system
Cholesterol- produced in liver
component of cell membranes, hormone precursor, bile
artherioscelorsis:coronary-artery disease factors:genetic, dietary, exercise, stress, smoking
HDL - high-density lipoproteins ("good"), 50 % protein, 18 % cholesterol, transports from cells to liver
LDL - low-density lipoproteins ("bad"), 35 % protein, carries, 45 % cholesterol, transports to cells
Bile Salt emulsifier, forms micelles, precipitates as gall stones
Estradiol 1o female sex characteristics; thickens uterine lining
Estrone 2o female sex characteristics
Progesterone regulates menstrual cycle, prepares uterus for pregnancy; maintains pregnancy by firming cervix and inhibiting dilation
Cortisol proteins glucose; reduces inflammation
Cortisone raises blood sugar; used to treat arthritis
Testosterone male sex characteristics

Androstenedione

RU-486: progesterone antagonist: binds to receptor site in place of progesterone
blocks gene transcription and blocks development of endometrium
only 80 % successful, need to administer prostaglandin to cause uterine contraction
average duration of uterine bleeding is 9 days
other uses:treatment of endometriosis, breast & uterine cancer; glaucoma; Cushing's syndrome

Norethindrone: oral contracetive, progesterone-like compound which prevents ovulation

Prostaglandins: regulate hormones; produced from arachidonic acid
Uses: treat ulcers, induce labor, treat asthma, regulate blood pressure, cause inflammation & fever

Sphingomyelins: nerve tissue sheath (degradation of MS); contains phosphate group
Cerebrosides: brain tissue; contains saccharide group

Phospholipids: contain phosphate group, component of cell membranes (bilayer)

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