The class readings are located either among the course textbooks, or they are available for downloading
and reading by linking to them from this "Reading Assignments"-web page. Over the course of the semester,
the instructor might make others available through the Addlestone Library (reference, reserve, or periodicals
sections). Those citations in the reading list below not found in the course textbooks are marked with the
locator code:
ELJ = Electronic journal available through searching and downloading from JStore;
RF = Addlestone Library Reference;
RS = Addlestone Library Reserve;
Per = Library Periodicals Room;
W = this Web Page.
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Week 1: January 9 (1/10) Course Description _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 2: January 14 and 16 (1/14) Introduction: Issues and Historiography Lacovara, P, "The Early Exploration and Archaeology of Nubia," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 45-56; Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, Preface and Introduction, ix-x, 1-4; W W. Y. Adams, "The Invention of Nubia," 17-22 (click to open); W/RS Ali Hakem, A. M., "The History of Archaeological Research in Nubia and the Sudan," in Africa in Antiquity, 36-45 (click to open). (1/14) Last day to Add/Drop IN-CLASS VIDEO & DISCUSSION: "Lost Kingdoms of Africa: Nubia" (60 minutes). _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 3: January 21 and 23 (1/21-1/23) The Archaeological Salvage of Nubia and Kush Hawass, Z, "Saving Nubia's Legacy," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 57-70; Emberling, G., "Archaeological Salvage in the Fourth Cataract, No. Sudan (1991-2008)" in Fisher et al., Nubia, 71-77. _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 4: January 28 and 30 (1/28-1/30) Historical Synopsis: Nubia and Kush Fisher, M. M., "The History of Nubia," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 10-44; W Kendall, T., "Historical Introduction," in Kush, The Lost Kingdom of the Nile, 7-19 (click to open); W/RS Adams W. Y., "The Kingdom and Civilization of Kush in Northeast Africa," in CANE, 775-789 (click to open); _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 5: February 4 and 6 (2/4) Geography of the Nile Valley, Nubia and Egypt Lacovara, P, "The Land of Nubia," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 5-9; W Adams, W. Y, "The Nubian Corridor," in Nubia, Corridor to Africa, 13-43 (click to open); W Adams, W. Y., "Geography and the Population of the Nile Valley," in Africa in Antiquity 1, 16-25 (click to open); W Strabo, Geography, Bk. 17 (excerpts on Nubian geography), 4-9, 129-131, 141-149 (click to open); (2/6) Environment of Nubia and Egypt W Adam, Shehata. "The Importance of Nubia: A Link between Central Africa and the Mediterranean," in UNESCO History of Africa 1, 141-147 (click to open);. W Kees, H., "The Countryside," sects. A-B, including: "The Nile and the Seasons," "Irrigation and Soil," 47-61 [click to open]; W/RS Butzer, K., "Irrigation," in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, 183-188 (click to open); W/RS Lichtheim, "Famine Stela," in AEL 3, 94-103; (click to open);. _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 6: February 11 and 13 (2/11-2/13) Nubian and Egyptian Ethnicity and Ethnology RS Smith, S. T. "Race," in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, vol. 3, 111-116; W Trigger, B., "Nubian, Negro, Black, Nilotic?" in Africa in Antiquity, 1, 26-35 (click to open); W Brace, C. L. et al., "Clines and Clusters Versus 'Race': A Test in Ancient Egypt and the Case of a Death on the Nile." Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36: 1-31 (click to open). W/Per/ELJ Keita, S. O. Y. "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships," History in Africa 20 (1993): 129-154 (click to open); Per/ELJ Keita, S. O. Y. "The Persistence of Racial Thinking, and the Myth of Racial Divergence," American Anthropologist 99 (1997): 534-544 (available from JStore); W Bard, K. "Ancient Egyptians and the Issue of Race," in Black Athena Revisited, ed. M. Lefkowitz and G. M. Rogers, 103-11 (click to open) W Diagne, P., "Theories on 'Races' and the History of Africa" (extract), in UNESCO History of Africa 1, 100-103 (click to open). W/RS Recommended: Keita, S. O. Y. "Explanation of the Pattern of P49a, fTaqI RFLP Y-Chromosome Variation in Egypt." African Archaeological Review 22/2 (June 2005): 61-75 (click to open). (2/13) Video/Writing Assignment Due: Video/Writing Assignment: S. O. Y. Keita, Cambridge University Workshop Including Egyptian Ethnicity and Origins (click to open video page)._______________________________________________________________________________ Week 7: February 18 and 20 (2/18-20) Rise of the Egyptian State and the Nubian Kingdoms Knoblauch, C., "Gebel Sheikh Suleiman," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 338-339; Lacovara, P., "Qustul," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 352-353; Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, Ch. 1, "Egyptians and Nubians," 5-10; W Keita, S. and A. Boyce, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians," in Egypt in Africa, 23-24 (click to open); W de Bono, "The Prehistory of the Nile Valley," in UNESCO History of Africa 2, 274-283 (click to open); W Williams, B., "The Qustul Incense Burner and the Case for a Nubian Origin of Ancient Egyptian Kingship," in Egypt in Africa, _ (click to open); W Wegner, J. W., "Interaction between the Nubian A-Group and Predynastic Egypt: The Significance of the Qustul Incense Burner," in Egypt in Africa, _ (click to open); W Recommended: Williams, B., "The Royal Cemetery of Ta-Seti," in Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier: The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul, 163-185 (click to open). DUE (2/18): TAKE-HOME MAP EXERCISE #1: EGYPT & LOWER NUBIA Maps of Ancient Egypt & Lower Nubia (use maps of Egypt & Nubia on Visuals-page to complete the answer sheet): (click to open). Map Exercise #1--DOWNLOAD & COMPLETE ANSWER SHEETS (click to open) _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 8: February 25 and 27 (2/25-27) Old Kingdom Egypt and the Exploitation of Nubia Lacovara, P., "The Art and Architecture of Early Nubia: A-Group to the Kerma Culture," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 78-83; Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, Chs. 2-3, "The Problem of Frontiers;" "Egypt's Primary Sphere of Influence," 11-23; W Manley, "Old Kingdom Egypt and Nubia," in Atlas, 26-27 (click to open); W O'Connor, D., "Early States Along the Nubian Nile," in Egypt and Africa, 145-65 (click to open); W Nubia in Old Kingdom annals (excerpts), in Strudwick, Texts, 66, 72, 76 (click to open); W Expedition-graffiti to Nubia, in Strudwick, Texts, 133-134, 149-151 (click to open); W Exemption Decree of Pepy I (Dahshur), in Strudwick, Texts, 103-105 (click to open); W Inscription of Pepynakht-Heqaib, in Strudwick, Texts, 333-335 (click to open); W Inscriptions of Sabni, Meku I and Mekhu II, Strudwick, Texts, 335-339 (click to open); W Inscriptions of Sabni II, in Strudwick, Texts, 339 (click to open); W/RS Autobiography of Weni, in AEL 1, 18-22; (click to open); W Autobiography of Harkhuf, in Strudwick, Texts, 330-333 (click to open). (2/25) Take-home Assignment #1 distributed (2/28) Take-home Assignment #1 due _______________________________________________________________________________ + + + SPRING BREAK: March 1 through 9 + + + _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 9: March 11 and 13 (3/11-13) The Middle Kingdom, the Rise of the C-Group and Kingdom of Kush-Kerma Bonnet, C., "Kerma," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 304-309; Näser, C., "The C-Group in Lower Nubia," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 348-351; Williams, B., "Second Cataract Forts," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 340-347; W Manley, "Middle Kingdom Egypt and Nubia," in Atlas, 50-51 (click to open); W Bonnet, C., "Upper Nubia from 3000 to 1000 BC" in Egypt and Africa, 112-114 (click to open); W Kemp, B., "Middle Kingdom Forts" in Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, 166-178 (click to open); W "The Hammamat Inscription of Henu (to Punt)," in Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt 1, 208-210 (click to open); W "Annals of King Amenemhat II (extract)" (click to open); W "Three Graffiti from Campaigns to Nubia," in Parkinson, Voices from Ancient Egypt, 95-96 (click to open); W "Sesostris III Boundary Stela [Year 8]" (click to open); W "Boundary Stela of Sesostris III [Year 16]," Lichtheim, AEL 1, 118-120 (click to open); W Egyptian execration texts (excerpts and extracts) (click to open); W "Report from a Frontier Garrison: From the 'Semna Despatches'," in Parkinson, Voices from Ancient Egypt, 93-95 (click to open). DUE (3/13): TAKE-HOME MAP EXERCISE #2: NUBIA AND KUSH Maps of Nubia and Kush. (Use maps of Egypt & Nubia on Visuals-page to complete the answer sheet) (click to open). Map Exercise #2 -- DOWNLOAD & COMPLETE ANSWER SHEETS (click to open). _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 10: March 18 and 20 (3/18) The Collapse of Kerma and the Egyptian Empire in Nubia Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, Ch. 5, "From Chiefdom to State and Back Again," 31-37; W Bonnet, C., "Upper Nubia from 3000 to 1000 BC" in Egypt and Africa, 114-117 (click to open); W Bradbury, L. "Following Tuthmosis I on His Campaign to Kush." KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt 3/3 (Fall 1992): 51-59, 76-77 (click to open); W Manley, "Wawat and Kush," in Atlas, 60-63 (click to open). W Smith, H. S. and Smith A., "The Kamose Texts," 59-62 (click to open); W/RS "Autobiography of Ahmose Son of Abana," in Lichtheim, AEL 2, 12-15 (click to open); W "Autobiography of Ahmose Pennekhbet," adapted from Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt 2 (passim) (click to open); W Letters of Thutmose I and Amenhotep II to their viceroys of Kush (nos. 15-16) (click to open). (3/20) The Eighteenth Dynasty and Amarna Period Fisher, M. M., "The Art and Architecture of Nubia During the New Kingdom," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 84-91; Johnson, R., "Akhenaten in Nubia," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 91-107; Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, Ch. 6, "The Egyptian Empire in Kush," 38-53; W/RS "Gebel Barkal Stela (with Nubian sects.)," in Context of Scripture 1, 14-18 (click to open); W "Laudatory Text of Thutmose III at Buhen," edited from Caminos, New Kingdom Temples of Buhen, p. 41 [nos. 13-15], pp. 101-103 [nos. 55-56], p. 218 [no. 100-H], pp. 227-228 [no. 105-A] (click to open); W Misc. texts of Amenhotep II pertaining to Nubia in Urkunden 4 (click to open); W Murnane, W., Texts from the Time of Akhenaten, p. 41 [nos. 13-15], pp. 101-103 [nos. 55-56], p. 218 [no. 100-H], pp. 227-228 [no. 105-A] (click to open); _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 11: March 25 and 27 (3/25) Nubia from the Nineteenth Dynasty through Third Intermediate Period Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, Chs. 6-7, "The Collapse of the Empire in Kush," 54-64; W Manley, "Kush and the Nubian Gold Mines," in Atlas, 60-63 (click to open); W Nauri Decree (click to open); W Stela of Neferhor at Buhen (click to open); W Saeve-Soederbergh, T., "Teh-Khet: The Cultural and Socio-political Structure of a Nubian Princedom in Tuthmoside Times," in Egypt and Africa, 186-190 +5 plates (click to open). (3/27) Dynasty 25 and the Late Period: A United Kingdom of Egypt and Kush Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh, Chs. 12-15, 93-147; W Leclant, J. "The Empire of Kush: Napata and Meroe," in UNESCO History of Africa 2, 161-163 (click to open); W/RS "Aspelta Election Stela," in Ritner, The Libyan Anarchy, 452-455; W/RS "Semna Inscription of Queen Katimala," in Ritner, The Libyan Anarchy, 456-459; W/RS "Gebel Barkal Stela no. 26 (Piye)," in Ritner, The Libyan Anarchy, 461-464; W/RS "Victory Scarab of Shabako," in Ritner, The Libyan Anarchy, 496; W Darnell, J. C., "An Essay at Historical Interpretation," in The Inscription of Queen Katimala, 55-63 (click to open); W "The Text of Queen Katimala," extracted from Darnell, The Inscription of Queen Katimala (click to open); W/RS "The Victory Stela of King Piye," in Lichtheim, AEL 3, 66-84 (click to open); W/RS "The Victory Stela of King Psamtik II," in Lichtheim, AEL 3, 84-85 (click to open). (3/27) THESIS STATEMENT AND BIBLIOGRAPHY DUE _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 12: April 1 and 3 (4/1-3) Kush: The Kingdom of Napata and Meroë W Leclant, J., "The Empire of Kush: Napata and Meroe," in UNESCO History of Africa 2, 163-171 (click to open); W Hakem, A. A. "The Civilization of Napata and Meroe," in UNESCO History of Africa 2, 172-184 (click to open). Presentation Panel #1: Amen: (depictions of Nubian and Kushite ethnicity in Egyptian art) W Buzon, M. "Biological and Ethnic Identity in New Kingdom Nubia: A Case Study from Tombos." (click to open). Battey: PRESENTATION RESCHEDULED TO 4/17; Burgmayer: Egyptian temples in Nubia and the role of Egyptian state religion in Nubian colonization Yellin, J., "Nubian Religion," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 125-137. Dollberg: (the use of forts and colonization in Egypt's program to hold Nubia) W Arkell, A. J., "Varia Sudanica" [NB: pp. 36-39 only] (click to open). W Bradbury, L., "The Tombos Inscription: A New Interpretation" (click to open). (4/3) Presentation Panel #2: Hall: "Ancient Nubian and Egyptian Burials and Rituals" W Murail, P. "An Infant Cemetery of the Classic Kerma Period (1750-1500 BC, Island of Saï, Sudan)" (click to open); Lacovara, P. and C. Knoblauch, "Burial Customs," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 145-153; Yellin, J., "Nubian Religion," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 125-137. Lafitte: (Kushite temples and holy places as expressions of Kushite popular civil religion) Fisher et al., Nubia, 78-113, 125-144 Little: (the Kandake, Kushite queen-mother: role, function and status) W Fluehr-Lobban, C., "Nubian Queens in the Nile Valley and Afro-Asiatic Cultural History" (click to open); W Lohwasser, A. "Queenship in Kush: Status, Role and Ideology of Royal Women." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 38 (2001): 61-76. (click to open); Melhado: "Thutmose III and Piye: Warrior Kings Lacking Complete Control" W Spalinger, A. "A Critical Analysis of the "Annals" of Thutmose III (Stücke V-VI)" (click to open); W Spalinger, A. "The Military Background of the Campaign of Piye (Piankhy)" (click to open). _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 13: April 8 and 10 (4/8) Presentation Panel #3: Pinckney: (kushite horses and horsemanship) W Heidorn, L., "The Horses of Kush," 105-114 (click to open); W/RS Kendall, T. "The Horse Graves at el-Kurru," in Kush: Lost Kingdom of the Nile, 31-32 (click to open); Privette: "Power Through Prayer and Progeny: Royal Women in Ancient Egypt and Nubia." Haynes, J. and Mimi Santini-Ritt, "Women in Ancient Nubia," in Fisher et al., Nubia, 170-185. W Robins, Gay. "Problems Concerning Queens and Queenship in Eighteenth Dynasty Egypt." (click to open) Raines: "Imagery vs. Reality: How the Nubian Pharaohs Wanted to be Remembered Despite the Reality of their Rule." "Egypt of the 'Black Pharaohs'" in Redford, Slave to Pharaoh, 101-116. (4/8) Panels 1 Written Reports Due (4/10) Presentation Panel #4: Reyes: "The Bovine and Its Implications in the Kerma Culture" W Chaix, L. and A. Grant, "Cattle in Ancient Nubia," Anthropozoologica 16 (1992): 61-66 (click to open); Semple: "Kushite Foreign Affairs with the Assyrian Empire" W Kahn, D. "The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt (673-663 B.C.) and the Final Expulsion of the Kushites," 251-267 (click to open); Simmons: (solar religion in Nubia) Fisher et al., Nubia, 25-33, 89-107, 125-143; Slade: "The Re-Africanization of Nubia's Religion" (after 300 BC) W/RS Kendall, T., "Kushite Retreat into Africa," in Kush: Lost Kingdom of the Nile, 11-17 (click to open); W Autobiography of Harkhuf, in Strudwick, Texts, 330-333 (click to open); W/RS Adams, W. Y., "Meroitic Religion," in Nubia, Corridor to Africa, 325-328. (click to open; cursor down to footnote #136!); (4/10) Panel 2 Written Reports Due _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 14: April 15 and 17 (4/15) Presentation Panel #5: Slay: (extent of continuing Egyptianization thru the Transitional Meroitic period) W Dafa'alla, S. "Succession in the Kingdom of Napata, 900-300 B.C." International Journal of African Historical Studies 26 (1993): 167-174 (click to open); W/RS "Aspelta Election Stela," in Ritner, The Libyan Anarchy, 452-455; W Dixon, D. M. "The Origin of the Kingdom of Kush (Napata-Meroë)." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 50 (1964): 121-132 (click to open). Stewart: (comparison: Kushite & Egyptian military organization) "Armies of the Two Cobras" W Decker, W. "Running Stela of Taharqa," in Sports and Games of Ancient Egypt, 62-63; (click to open) W Spalinger, A. "The Military Background of the Campaign of Piye (Piankhy)," 273-301 (click to open); W Darnell, J. C. and C. Manassa, "Trampling the Nine Bows: Military Forces and Weaponry," in Tutankhamun's Armies, 58-60; 63-65 (click to open); W Heidorn, L., "The Horses of Kush," 107-109 (click to open). Stile: (Nubians living in Egypt) "Egyptians and Nubians," in Redford, Slave to Pharaoh, 5-19; "The Problem of the Acculturation of the South," in Redford, Slave to Pharaoh, 44-47. Van Skoik: "The Island of Philae: The Meroitic and Ptolemaic Interests in the Wadi Allaqi and the Island of Philae as a Sphere of Influence over Indigenous Nubians" W/RS "Graffito of Pasan" and "Procopius's account of the Roman withdraw from Lower Nubia," 69-75; in Burstein, Ancient African Civilizations: Kush and Axum (click to open); W/RS Adams, W. Y., "Renaissance in the North," in Nubia: Corridor to Africa, 333-339 (click to open). (4/15) Panel 3 Written Reports Due. (4/17) Presentation Panel #6: Walters: (forced labor and the Egyptian penal system in Nubia) W Lorton, D., "The Treatment of Criminals in Ancient Egypt: Through the New Kingdom," JESHO 20/1 (Jan. 1977) (click to open); W Punishment for Adultery (click to open); W Oaths Pertaining to Kush (click to open) Weindorf: "Nubian Mercenaries: The Preferred Egyptian Soldier" W Faulkner, R. O. "Egyptian Military Organization," Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 39, (1953): 32-47; (click to open) W Theodorides, A. "Stela of Senmose (will of an Egyptianized Syrian with a Nubian wife)," RIDA 17 (1970): 117-216 (click to open); Battey: RESCHEDULED: (comparison and contrast of Egyptian administrations of Nubia in the Middle and New Kingdoms) W Buzon, M and R. Richman, "Traumatic Injuries and Imperialism: The Effects of Egyptian Colonial Strategies at Tombos in Upper Nubia" (click to open). (4/17) Panel 4 Written Reports Due _______________________________________________________________________________ Week 15: April 22 and 24 (4/22) The Meroitic Period and the End of Kush W/RS Hintze, F. The "Meroitic Period," in Africa in Antiquity 1, 89-105 (click to open). (4/22) Presentation Panel #6 (cont'd.): Wilson: "The Nubian Salvage Project: A Lost Archaeology" W Hassan, F. A., "The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign," African Archaeological Review 24, no. 3/4 (Sept./Dec. 2007): 73-94. (click to open). (4/22) Panel 5 Written Reports Due. Take-home Assignment #2 distributed (4/24) Africa, Egypt and Kush: A Reciprocal Legacy W Cooper; M. C. and E. B. Schoedsack, "Two Fighting Tribes of the Sudan" National Geographic Magazine (Dec. 1929): 465-486 (click to open); W Bailey, S. "Circumcision and Male Initiation in Africa," in Egypt in Africa, 88-89 (click to open); W Bell, L. "Ancestor Worship and Divine Kingship in the Ancient Nile Valley," in Egypt in Africa, 56-58 (click to open); W Kusimba, C. "Ancestor Worship and Divine Kingship in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Egypt in Africa, 59-61 (click to open); W/RS Shinnie, P. L.. "The Legacy to Africa," in The Legacy of Egypt, 434-455 (click to open). (4/24) Panel 6 Written Reports Due. _______________________________________________________________________________ FINAL EXAMINATION: !! NONE !! Take-home Assignment #2 due Final Grades Due Tuesday, May 6, 12:00 Noon. Final Grades Available to Students Wednesday, May 7, 12:00 Noon.
Instructions: Write a single integrative essay as a reaction paper (2 pages, single space, not including footnotes.) to Dr. Keita's lectures that combines the answers to the questions below. Do not separate the essay/questions into separate answers! You must employ footnotes with references related to the readings above. A cover page is not necessary, but do type your name and course number at the top of page 1.
- What are the main points in Keita's presentations regarding the origins of the ancient Egyptians and Nubians and their physical and cultural relations and connections specifically to: 1) Western Asia, and 2) the rest of Africa? Be sure to describe the kinds of evidence that he uses to advance his arguments. Be succinct.
- Succinctly, how do Brace's and Trigger's arguments concerning clines in the Nile Valley accord with Keita's arguments and conclusions?
- According to Keita, who were the ancient Egyptians and Nubians, and where did they come from, and how does this accord with the readings?
- What arguments does he advance concerning the extent to which all Africans were or were not related physically and culturally to each other, and where might the Nubians and Egyptians fit into this scenario?
- Finally, given Keita's approach and considering the readings, what "race" were the ancient Egyptians? (Caution: a wrong answer could reduce grade-points accumulated above)