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Classified Bibliographical Database of Ancient Egyptian Medicine and Medical Practice
Including: Palaeopathology, Biology |
Ultimately, the bibliography will comprise all academic and clinical studies published from A.D. 1676 to the present on Egyptian medical practices and notions, including, health conditions and related issues and the interconnections among ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman, and Near Eastern medicines. To these ends, the compilation also contains studies on the palaeopathology of ancient Egypt and Nubia. It includes works on the pathological analysis of human remains (mummified and unmummified) to determine causes of death, identify diseases, and assess general levels of Egyptian and Nubian health. The bibliography contains specific entries on: distinct diseases and conditions, medical syndromes, human physiology, parts of the body, Egyptian conceptions of anatomy, aetiology, ancient therapies and procedures, psychological issuse (pertaining to personality and dreaming), pharmacopoeia and pharmacological agents, clinically oriented palaeobotany (i.e., medicinal plants), diet and nutrition, and eating customs. The bibliography also encompasses: Egyptian medical texts and papyri, dentistry, dental health and treatments, veterinary medicine, the activities and status of physicians and physician-priests, mummification, medically oriented human anthropology, and ethnology (the latter pertaining specifically to race-theory). Significantly, the bibliography catalogues studies pertaining to the connections between Egyptian medical practice and magico-religious beliefs. Thus, in addition to facilitating any clinical analyses, this work provides references for understanding the interrelationship between empirico-rational therapy and magical/cultic practices in ancient Egypt.
The consistently hot and dry desert climate of the Nile Valley has facilitated the preservation of substantial numbers of human remains throughout the millennia. Beginning from at least 10,000 B.C. (the Qada Culture) and ensuing through Late Antiquity, these remains survive either as mummified corpses or unmummified skeletal material, most of which is appropriate for pathological study.
The Egyptian environment is also conducive to the preservation of medically-related architecture and artifacts. Archaeology has identified healing centers and sanatoria (e.g., Dendera and Deir el-Bahari), and it has strongly inferred the existence of temple-based establishments for training physician-priests (viz., "Houses of Life"). Surgical tools and instruments survive that can be studied and analyzed (scalpels, probes, tweezers, etc.), as do textual materials inscribed on a variety of organic and inorganic media. These medical texts include the autobiographies of physicians and their working manuals. Significant numbers of Egyptian papyri and inscriptions endure containing elaborate medical treatises that describe symptoms, aetiologies, treatments, prescriptions, and pharmacopoeia.
A plethora of related religious texts allows us to understand, to a fair degree, how closely Egyptian religious belief and cult were interwoven with medical practice. As a result of new interpretations, we are only now coming to recognize the full extent to which so-called empirical medical practices were indivisibly combined with magico-religious rituals in Egypt, forming what was almost certainly a single integrated therapy.[1] In addition, a fair number of second-hand accounts and descriptions of Egyptian medicine written by Greek and Roman authors have survived. These accounts permit comparison with the Egyptian materials, allowing us to understand the extent to which the Greeks were and were not influenced by the Egyptians in their ultimate invention of true scientific medicine.
Clearly, the depth, breadth and scope of the surviving medical and pathological evidence from Egypt is greater than that of any other pre-classical culture or civilization, a fact which makes Egypt the ideal source for studying early man's physical health and the invention of medical therapies.
However, despite the comprehensive nature of this bibliography (and the broad scope of its subject-classifications), we do not intend it as the ultimate bibliographical resource for the Egyptologist, historian, or medical anthropologist and clinical researcher. Rather, it should be viewed as a first source, i.e., a first stop in the bibliographical literature for researchers and students investigating the topics of Egyptian health, medicine, biology, and anthropology.
In addition to the usual parameters (i.e., author(s), title, keyword, date, series, etc.), an important key to searching topics in this database are the discrete subject headings associated with each bibliographical entry, e.g.:
Alicandri-Ciufelli, C. "Paléoanatomie et paléopathologie crânienne cervicale oto-rhino-laryngologique des anciens Égyptiens [Cervico-Facial and Otorhinolaryngoiatrical Paleoanatomy and Paleopathology of the Ancient Egyptians]." Medicina nei Secoli 6 (1994): 87-116.[Akhenaten; Anatomy--Ancient Conceptions and Notions; Anatomy--Ears; Anatomy--Head; Anatomy--Lexical Studies; Anatomy--Nose; Anatomy--Skulls and Crania; Diseases and Conditions--Bone; Diseases and Conditions--Cancer; Diseases and Conditions--Deafness; Diseases and Conditions--Pituitary; Diseases and Conditions--Tetanus; Medical Texts and Papyri; Medicine--Foreign Connections--Greek and Roman; Medicine--Procedures; Mummies; Oto-Laryngology; Palaeopathology--Radiological Studies; Papyrus Ebers; Papyrus Edwin Smith; Religion and Magic; Specialism, Ancient; Surgery].
These subject headings are the basis for locating specific subjects and contexts in the literature (for a list of the subjects, see below), and all records can be cross-searched according to the subject headings, e.g.:
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) | ||
[1396] | Ablin, R., Gonder, M. J., Immerman, R. S. "AIDS: A Disease of Ancient Egypt?" | |
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ALKAPTONURIA (OCHRONOSIS) | ||
[2035] | Stenn, F. J., Milgram, J. W., Lee, S. L., Weigand, R. J., Veis, A. "Biochemical Identification of Homogentisic Acid Pigment in an Ochronotic Egyptian Mummy" | |
[1329] | Wallgren, J. E., Caple, R., Aufderheide, A. C. "Contribution of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies to the Question of Alkaptonuria (Ochronosis) in an Egyptian Mummy" | |
[1350] | Wells, C., Maxwell, B. M. "Alkaptonuria in an Egyptian Mummy" | |
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BLINDNESS | ||
[1924] | Brunner, H. "Blindheit" | |
[2408] | Engelmann, H., Hallof, J. "Zur medizinischen Nothilfe und Unfallversorgung auf staatlichen Arbeitsplätzen im alten Ägypten. [On Emergency Medical Assistance and Accident Provision on State Jobs in Ancient Egypt]" | |
[463] | Fuchs, J. "Der Blinde Harfner: Eine medinische Betrachtung über ägyptische Kunstwerke" | |
[464] | Fuchs, J. "Blinde Sänger und Harfner im Alten Ägypten" | |
[465] | Fuchs, J. "Physical Alterations Which Occur in the Blind and are Illustrated on Ancient Egyptian Works of Art" | |
[688] | Jantzen, G. "Der blinde Harfner aus dem Grabrelief des Paatenemheb: eine frühe künsterlische Darstellung der Arteriitis temporalis?" | |
[2213] | Lipinska, J. "'Blinded' Deities from the Temple of Tuthmosis III at Deir el-Bahari" | |
[2163] | Manniche, L. "Symbolic Blindness" | |
[2390] | Westendorf, W. "Augeneinlagen" |
To mount a comprehensive search of the database, researchers must be as inclusive as possible when choosing their subject headings, even to the point of redundancy. In addition to the more discrete subject headings, they should also search generalized related categories.While in the future every pertinent medical reference may be included in the database, even then we cannot guarantee to have catalogued all of them according to every possible discrete subject heading. Researchers will have to do a significant amount of culling for themselves. Happily, this bibliography gives them the place to start and more.
In a similar vein, the form of the electronic database should also be viewed as under development. It is constantly undergoing alteration and refinement. These refinements represent improvements in the manner in which the material is organized in the database; how the various fields are envisioned, indexed, and sorted; how search-parameters are formulated, reports formatted, etc.
At present, we estimate that the completed bibliography will ultimately contain over 7,000 citations. What constitutes completion? For our purposes: everything from 1676 to an arbitrarily established date.[2] However, we will not establish that date until we have a reasonable certainty of already cataloguing everything up to that year or the year before. Ultimately, the electronic database will be published on computer disk (probably in a CD-ROM format). Included will be its search engine, INMAGIC RUN-TIME®, which is the read-only, run-time version of INMAGIC DB/TEXTBASE®, running in Microsoft Windows.[3] A paper-edition--as a hard copy of the database (necessarily more expensive than the digital version)--would also be published with detailed lists of cross-references and concordances to permit full manual searching. Periodically thereafter, additions and updates to the bibliography would appear for distribution.
The numeral before each subject heading denotes the number of records catalogued in the database according to that subject (as of 1997). Cross-reference notations are denoted by an asterisk (*) and blue color. There are a total number of 579 effective subject keys listed in the database not including the cross-reference notations. All subjects refer to pharaonic Egypt unless noted otherwise.
2 ABD EL-RAHMAN, ISMAIL 50 AETIOLOGY * AGING see: GERIATRICS AND AGING 2 AHMOSE I 27 AKHENATEN 1 ALPIN, PROSPER * AMARNA PERIOD see: AKHENATEN; AMENHOTEP III; SMENKHKARE; TIYE (QUEEN); TUTANKHAMUN 1 AMENEMOPET (KING) 2 AMENHOTEP II 3 AMENHOTEP III 7 AMENHOTEP, SON OF HAPU * AMULET-MAKER see: PHYSICIANS (PROFESSION); RELIGION AND MAGIC * AMULETS see: RELIGION AND MAGIC 3 AMUN 1 ANATOMY 105 ANATOMY--ANCIENT CONCEPTIONS AND NOTIONS 5 ANATOMY--ANUS 1 ANATOMY--ARM 4 ANATOMY--BILE 21 ANATOMY--BLOOD 20 ANATOMY--BONE 1 ANATOMY--BONE MARROW 15 ANATOMY--BRAIN 3 ANATOMY--BREASTS 1 ANATOMY--BUTTOCKS 21 ANATOMY--EARS 57 ANATOMY--EYES 10 ANATOMY--FEET AND LEGS 3 ANATOMY--FINGERS 4 ANATOMY--FOETUS 1 ANATOMY--FORAMEN MAGNUM 3 ANATOMY--GENERAL 1 ANATOMY--GLANDS 25 ANATOMY--HAIR 9 ANATOMY--HANDS 2 ANATOMY--HEAD 39 ANATOMY--HEART 1 ANATOMY--HIP 2 ANATOMY--INTESTINES 24 ANATOMY--JAW 1 ANATOMY--KIDNEYS 3 ANATOMY--KNEES 45 ANATOMY--LEXICAL STUDIES 1 ANATOMY--LIPS 6 ANATOMY--LIVER 7 ANATOMY--LUNGS 3 ANATOMY--MAXILLA 19 ANATOMY--MOUTH 4 ANATOMY--MUCOUS 1 ANATOMY--NECK 11 ANATOMY--NOSE 33 ANATOMY--PENIS 7 ANATOMY--PLACENTA 1 ANATOMY--PREMAXILLA 3 ANATOMY--PUS 4 ANATOMY--SALIVA 1 ANATOMY--SALIVARY GLANDS 2 ANATOMY--SCROTUM AND TESTICLES (TESTES) 11 ANATOMY--SEMEN 1 ANATOMY--SINUS 5 ANATOMY--SKELETON 31 ANATOMY--SKIN 121 ANATOMY--SKULLS AND CRANIA 21 ANATOMY--SPINE 6 ANATOMY--STOMACH 77 ANATOMY--TEETH 2 ANATOMY--THROAT 9 ANATOMY--THYROID GLAND 1 ANATOMY--TONGUE 2 ANATOMY--UMBILICAL CORD 14 ANATOMY--UTERUS 4 ANATOMY--VAGINA 10 ANATOMY--VASCULAR SYSTEM 1 ANATOMY--VOMIT 3 ANATOMY--VULVA 1 ANTHROPOMETRY 1 ANUBIS 1 ANUKIS 2 APOPHIS 98 ART--MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS 5 ASCLEPIUS 1 ATUM 2 AYE 3 BALANOS (ISHED) TREE (BALANITES AEGYPTIACA L.) 13 BANDAGES 1 BASTET * BEER see: DIET AND NUTRITION--BREAD AND BEER-MAKING 2 BENTRESH STELA 27 BES 13 BIBLIOGRAPHIES * BIRTH CONTROL see: OBSTETRICS, GYNAECOLOGY AND CONTRACEPTION 1 BIRTH PAVILION * BODY ART see: TATOOING 2 BODY HEAT 3 BRUCE, JAMES 2 CADUCEUS 9 CARDIOLOGY 9 CASTRATION 1 CATHETER 2 CEDAR TREE * CHILDREN see: PEDIATRICS 1 CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, ST. 3 CLEOPATRA VII 2 COLOR PERCEPTION * COMPUTER-AIDED TEMOGRAPHY (CAT-SCAN) see: PALAEOPATHOLOGY--RADIOLOGICAL STUDIES * CONTRACEPTION see: OBSTETRICS, GYNAECOLOGY AND CONTRACEPTION 49 CRANIOLOGY 1 CYPRESS TREE * DATES (FRUIT) see: PHARMACOPOEIA--DATE-PALM TREE * DEATH AND DYING see: MORTALITY AND DEATH; MURDER; SUICIDE 3 DECAPITATION 4 DEIR EL BAHARI 97 DENTISTRY AND DENTAL HEALTH 14 DENTISTRY AND DENTAL HEALTH--ORAL SURGERY 2 DENTISTRY AND DENTAL HEALTH--TOOTH EXTRACTION 14 DERMATOLOGY 88 DIET AND NUTRITION 47 DIET AND NUTRITION--BREAD AND BEER MAKING 6 DIET AND NUTRITION--CANNIBALISM 5 DIET AND NUTRITION--DIETARY LAWS 6 DIET AND NUTRITION--FISH 12 DIET AND NUTRITION--MILK 7 DIET AND NUTRITION--PORK 1 DIET AND NUTRITION--SPICES 1 DIET AND NUTRITION--WATER 11 DIET AND NUTRITION--WINE 97 DISABILITIES AND DEFORMITIES * DISEASE (GENERAL) see: NOSOLOGY AND DISEASES 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ACNE 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ALKAPTONURIA (OCHRONOSIS) 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ALLERGY 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--AMBLYOPIA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ANEMIA 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 17 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ARTHRITIS AND SPONDYLITIS 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ASTHMA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--ATHEROSCLEROSIS 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGE) 9 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BLINDNESS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BODY LICE 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BOIL 16 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BONE 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BREASTS 26 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--BROKEN BONES AND FRACTURES 22 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CANCER 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CARCINOMA 7 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CARDIO-VASCULAR 14 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CARIES 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CHOKING 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CHOLESTEATOMA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CHRONIC OTITIS MEDEA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CLUB FOOT (TALIPES EQUINOVARUS) 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--COLD 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CRIBRA ORBITALIA 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--CYST 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--DEAFNESS 49 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--DENTAL 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--DIABETES 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--DISLOCATION 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--DOWN SYNDROME 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--DYSENTARY 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--EARACHE 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--EARS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--EPILEPSY 23 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--EYES 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--FEET AND LEGS 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--FEVER 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--FILARIASIS (WORMS) 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GALLSTONES 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GASTROINTESTINAL 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GIGANTISM 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GLAUCOMA 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GOITER 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GONORRHOEA 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GOUT 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GUMS 26 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GYNAECOLOGICAL 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--GYNECOMASTIA 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HARRIS BANDS 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HEADACHE 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HEMORRHOIDS 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HERNIA 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HERPES 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HERPES--GENITAL 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HIP DYSPLASIA 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HYDROCEPHALUS 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HYPOPLASIA 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--HYSTERIA (WANDERING UTERUS) 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--INFERTILITY 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--KYPHOSIS 9 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--LEPROSY 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--LEUCORRHOEA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--LIVER CIRRHOSIS 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--MALARIA 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--MASTOID DISEASE 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--METATARSAL DEFECT 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--MISCARRIAGE 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--MISCELLANEOUS 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--MUTISM 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--MYELOMA MULTIPLEX 11 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--NOMENCLATURE 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--NOSE 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OBESITY 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OCCUPATIONAL DISORDERS 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OPHTHALMIA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OSTEOLYTIC METASTATIC CARCINOMA 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OSTEOMYELITIS 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OSTEOPOROSIS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--OSTEOSARCOMA 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PAIN 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PARALYSIS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PERITONITIS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PHARYNX 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PHLEBITIS 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PITUITARY 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PLAGUE 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--POLIOMYELITIS 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--RECTAL 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--RECTAL PROLAPSE 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--RESPIRATORY 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--RHEUMATISM 16 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SCHISTOSOMIASIS (BILHARZIA) 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SCOLIOSIS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SCURVY 4 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE 14 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SKIN 5 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SMALLPOX 31 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SNAKE BITE AND STINGS 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SPINA BIFIDA 13 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--STARVATION AND MALNUTRITION 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--STEATOPYGIA 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--STERILITY 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--STONES (CALCULI) 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--STUTTERING 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SYMMERS FIBROSIS 6 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--SYPHILIS 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--TETANUS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--THROMBOSIS 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--TRACHEOSTOMY 3 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--TRACHOMA 17 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--TUBERCULOSIS 12 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--TUMORS 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--TYPHOID 1 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--URINARY 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--WILSON BANDS 5 DISMEMBERMENT (POST-MORTEM) 2 DJEDKARE-ISESI (KING) * DNA (CLONING) see: MOLECULAR ANTHROPOLOGY * DOCTORS see: PHYSICIANS (PROFESSION) * DREAMS AND DREAMING see: PSYCHOLOGY--DREAMS AND DREAMING * DRUGS see: individual pharmacological agents and drugs under PHARMACOPOEIA-- 1 DUAU (DEITY) 46 DWARFS AND DWARFISM 1 EBERS, GEORG 1 EMERGENCY MEDICINE (FIRST AID) 12 ENDOCRINOLOGY * EPIDEMICS see: EPIDEMIOLOGY; NOSOLOGY AND DISEASES 3 EPIDEMIOLOGY 3 ETHICS, MEDICAL 78 ETHNOLOGY--1945 AND LATER 104 ETHNOLOGY--PRE-1945 1 EVISCERATION 156 EXCAVATED HUMAN REMAINS 12 EXCEREBRATION * FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION see: PALAEOPATHOLOGY--FORENSIC STUDIES 10 FAMINE 1 FLAYING AND SKINNING (POST-MORTEM) * FOOD see: DIET AND NUTRITION 3 FORENSIC MEDICINE 1 GALEN 5 GASTROENTEROLOGY 1 GEB 6 GENETICS 23 GERIATRICS AND AGING * GERONTOLOGY see: GERIATRICS AND AGING * GROOMING, PERSONAL see: HYGIENE AND SANITATION 1 HAPY 6 HATHOR 3 HATSHEPSUT 48 HEALING STATUES (CIPPI) 16 HEMATOLOGY 4 HEPATOLOGY 1 HERMES TRISMEGISTUS 1 HEROPHILUS 2 HERPETOLOGY 32 HISTOLOGY 32 HISTORIOGRAPHY * HISTORY OF MEDICINE see: topics under the various headings of MEDICINE-- * HOMOSEXUALITY see: SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION 45 HORUS * HOSPITALS see: SANATORIA 17 HOUSE OF LIFE 94 HUMAN ANTHROPOLOGY * HUNGER see: DIET AND NUTRITION; DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--STARVATION AND MALNUTRITION; FAMINE 31 HYGIENE AND SANITATION 5 HYGIENE AND SANITATION--GREEK AND ROMAN * IMHOTEP see: PHYSICIANS (IMHOTEP) 3 IMMUNOLOGY 9 INCEST 14 ISIS 1 JUNG, C. G. 1 KARNAK TEMPLE 1 KHEPRI 3 KHONSU * KILLING see: MORTALITY AND DEATH; MURDER; SUICIDE * KUSH see: NUBIA 95 LEXICAL STUDIES 4 LOTUS 1 MAAT 2 MAFDET * MAGIC SPELLS see: RELIGION AND MAGIC 12 MAGIC WANDS (APOTROPAEIA) * MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) see: PALAEOPATHOLOGY--RADIOLOGICAL STUDIES 290 MEDICAL TEXTS AND PAPYRI 67 MEDICINE, ANCIENT 1 MEDICINE--ASTRONOMY 56 MEDICINE--COPTIC ERA 17 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS 5 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--AFRICA 26 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--ARABIC AND EGYPTIAN 12 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--EUROPE 117 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--GREEK AND ROMAN 20 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--HEBREW 2 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--HINDU 1 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--HITTITE 3 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--MESOPOTAMIA 9 MEDICINE--FOREIGN CONNECTIONS--WESTERN ASIA 178 MEDICINE (GENERAL) 25 MEDICINE--PROCEDURES 11 MEDICINE--SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 1 MEKHENTYIRTY (DEITY) 1 MENKET (GODDESS) 5 MENSTRUATION 1 MERETSEGER 6 MERNEPTAH 2 MESKHENET (GODDESS) 8 METTERNICH STELA 5 MIN 9 MOLECULAR ANTHROPOLOGY 26 MORTALITY AND DEATH 411 MUMMIES 201 MUMMIFICATION 2 MUMMIFICATION--CATS 1 MURDER 2 MUT 17 MUTILATION 1 MUTNEDJMET (QUEEN) * NARCOTICS see: PHARMACOPOEIA--PSYCHOACTIVE AGENTS AND NARCOTICS 1 NEFERTEM 1 NEITH 1 NEMTY (DEITY) 5 NEUROLOGY 57 NOSOLOGY AND DISEASES 140 NUBIA 3 NURSING 2 NUT (GODDESS) 179 OBSTETRICS, GYNAECOLOGY AND CONTRACEPTION * OLD AGE see: GERIATRICS AND AGING 1 OLFACTION 5 OLIVE TREE (OLEA EUROPAEA L.) 1 ONCOLOGY 51 OPHTHALMOLOGY 33 ORTHOPEDICS 8 OSIRIS 32 OSTEOLOGY 1 OSTRACON NEW YORK 12.180.79 23 OTO-LARYNGOLOGY 1 PÄÄBO, SVANTE 192 PALAEOBOTANY AND MEDICINAL PLANTS 30 PALAEODEMOGRAPHY 402 PALAEOPATHOLOGY 10 PALAEOPATHOLOGY--DNA STUDIES 17 PALAEOPATHOLOGY--FORENSIC STUDIES 18 PALAEOPATHOLOGY--KINSHIP STUDIES 6 PALAEOPATHOLOGY--PHYSICAL STATURE 108 PALAEOPATHOLOGY--RADIOLOGICAL STUDIES 9 PAPYRUS (CYPERUS PAPYRUS L.) 1 PAPYRUS BERLIN 10456 (PAPYRUS RUBENSOHN) 1 PAPYRUS BERLIN 3027 11 PAPYRUS BERLIN 3038 4 PAPYRUS BORGIA 2 PAPYRUS BROOKLYN MUSEUM 47.218.58 + 85 1 PAPYRUS BROOKLYN MUSEUM 47.218.156 2 PAPYRUS BULAQ 3 4 PAPYRUS CARLSBERG VIII 1 PAPYRUS CARLSBERG 13 + 14 1 PAPYRUS CARLSBERG 67 1 PAPYRUS CARLSBERG 203 6 PAPYRUS CHASSINAT (IFAO COPTIC MEDICAL PAPYRUS) 4 PAPYRUS CHESTER BEATTY VI 1 PAPYRUS CHESTER BEATTY XI 67 PAPYRUS EBERS 42 PAPYRUS EDWIN SMITH 13 PAPYRUS EL-LAHUN (KAHUN) 8 PAPYRUS HEARST 1 PAPYRUS HEIDELBERG 1686 6 PAPYRUS LEIDEN 348 1 PAPYRUS LEIDEN 350 1 PAPYRUS LEIDEN 1343 + 1345 3 PAPYRUS LEIDEN I 383 3 PAPYRUS LEIDEN I 384 6 PAPYRUS LONDON (BRITISH MUSEUM 10059) 3 PAPYRUS LONDON (BRITISH MUSEUM 10070) 2 PAPYRUS LOUVRE 5158 1 PAPYRUS LOUVRE E 4864 2 PAPYRUS MICHIGAN INV. 3724 1 PAPYRUS OXYRHYNCHUS 234 1 PAPYRUS OXYRHYNCHUS 1796 1 PAPYRUS OXYRHYNCHUS 3654 2 PAPYRUS RAMESSEUM 1 PAPYRUS RAMESSEUM III 1 PAPYRUS RAMESSEUM IV 2 PAPYRUS RAMESSEUM V 1 PAPYRUS SORBONNE II 69 1 PAPYRUS TEBTUNIS II 67 2 PAPYRUS TURIN 1993 1 PAPYRUS TURIN 1995 + 1996 1 PAPYRUS VIENNA 3873 3 PAPYRUS VIENNA D.6257 1 PAPYRUS VIENNA ERZHERZOG RAINER 1 PAPYRUS VIENNA K5504 1 PAPYRUS VIENNA K5506 1 PAPYRUS VIENNA K5595 1 PAPYRUS WELLCOME EG. MS. 1 1 PAPYRUS YALE INV. 2004 11 PATAIKOS 22 PEDIATRICS 1 PEPI II 3 PERFUME CONES 4 PESESHET (PHYSICIAN) * PERSONALITY see: PSYCHOLOGY 168 PHARMACOLOGY 102 PHARMACOPOEIA 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--ABSINTH 5 PHARMACOPOEIA--ACACIA TREE (ACACIA NILOTICA) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--ALGAE 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--ALOE (ALOE VERA L.) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--ALUM 8 PHARMACOPOEIA--APHRODISIACS 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--ARSENIC 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--ASA FOETIDA 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--BAT 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--BEER 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--BINDWEED (CONVOLVULUS) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--BITUMEN 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--BLACK HELLEBORE (RHIZOMA HELLEBORE NIGRI) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--BLOOD 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--BORAGE PLANT (BORAGO OFFICINALIS) 6 PHARMACOPOEIA--CASTOR OIL 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--CELERY 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--COCAINE 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--CORIANDER (CORIANDRUM SATIVA L.) 3 PHARMACOPOEIA--CUMIN (CUMIN CYMINUM L.) 3 PHARMACOPOEIA--DATE-PALM TREE (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--DOM-PALM TREE (HYPHAENE THEBAICA) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--EGGS 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--EXCREMENT 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM) 3 PHARMACOPOEIA--FIG 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--FISH 4 PHARMACOPOEIA--FRANKINCENSE 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--FUNGUS (PENNICILLIUM) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--GALBANUM (PEUCEDANUM GALBANIFLORUM) 4 PHARMACOPOEIA--GALENA 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--GARLIC 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--GARUM (FISH SAUCE) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--GRAPES (VITIS VINIFERA) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--HEMATITE 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--HENBANE (HYOSCAMUS MUTICUS) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--HENNA (LAWSONIA INERMIS) 7 PHARMACOPOEIA--HONEY 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--IODINE 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--IVY (HEDERA HELIX L.) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--KATT (CATHA EDULIS) 6 PHARMACOPOEIA--KOHL 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--KYPHI 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--LADANUM CISTUS 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--LEAD 6 PHARMACOPOEIA--LETTUCE (LACTUCA) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--LICHEN 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--LINSEED OIL 18 PHARMACOPOEIA--LOTUS 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--MALACHITE 9 PHARMACOPOEIA--MANDRAKE (MANDRAGORA OFFICINARUM L.) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--MERCURY 3 PHARMACOPOEIA--MILK 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--MINT 4 PHARMACOPOEIA--MORINGA TREE OIL 3 PHARMACOPOEIA--MOUSE 8 PHARMACOPOEIA--MYRRH (COMMIPHORA ABYSSINICA) 5 PHARMACOPOEIA--NATRON 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--NICOTINE 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--OCHRE 45 PHARMACOPOEIA--OIL AND SALVES 6 PHARMACOPOEIA--OLIVE OIL 4 PHARMACOPOEIA--ONION (ALLIUM CEPA) 11 PHARMACOPOEIA--OPIUM (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) 9 PHARMACOPOEIA--PERSEA TREE (MIMUSOPS) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--PINE OIL 28 PHARMACOPOEIA--PSYCHOACTIVE AGENTS AND NARCOTICS 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--PYROLUSITE (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) 4 PHARMACOPOEIA--RAW MEAT 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--SAFFLOWER OIL (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L.) 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--SALIVA 4 PHARMACOPOEIA--SALT 3 PHARMACOPOEIA--SESAME OIL (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) 4 PHARMACOPOEIA--SILPHIUM 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--SNAIL 5 PHARMACOPOEIA--SOPORIFICS 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--STIBIUM (ANTIMONY) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--STORAX (LIQUIDAMBER ORIENTALIS) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--SWALLOW 6 PHARMACOPOEIA--SYCAMORE TREE (FICUS SYCAMORUS) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--TAR 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--TEREBINTH 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--TESTICLES OF AN ASS 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--TETRACYCLINE 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--THORN APPLE (DATURA STRAMONIUM) 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--TORTOISE 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--URINE 3 PHARMACOPOEIA--WATER 24 PHARMACOPOEIA--WATER LILY 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--WAX 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--WILD BANANA (MUSA ENSETE) 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--WILLOW TREE 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--WINE 1 PHARMACOPOEIA--YEAST (SACCHAROMYCES) 2 PHARMACOPOEIA--ZYZYPHUS TREE 1 PHILAE TEMPLE 34 PHYSICIANS--IMHOTEP 126 PHYSICIANS (PROFESSION) 7 PIG 1 PIGMENTATION * PLAGUE see: DISEASES AND CONDITIONS--PLAGUE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; NOSOLOGY AND DISEASES * PLANTS see: PALAEOBOTANY AND MEDICINAL PLANTS * PREGNANCY see: OBSTETRICS, GYNAECOLOGY AND CONTRACEPTION 6 PROCTOLOGY 1 PSYCHOHISTORY 31 PSYCHOLOGY 9 PSYCHOLOGY--DREAMS AND DREAMING 11 PTAH 2 PUNT (NUBIA) 5 PUNT, QUEEN OF 3 PYGMIES 7 RA 6 RAMESSES II 4 RAMESSES III 1 RAMESSES IV 2 RAMESSES V 1 RAMESSES VI 1 RAMOSE (VIZIER) 3 REJUVENATION 506 RELIGION AND MAGIC * RITUAL PURITY see: DIET AND NUTRITION--DIETARY LAWS; HYGIENE AND SANITATION; RELIGION AND MAGIC; TABOO 1 RUTI (DEITY) 2 RYE GRASS (LOLIUM TEMULENTUM) 2 SAFFLOWER PLANT (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L.) 13 SAKHMET 7 SANATORIA 1 SANATORIA--ABYDOS 8 SANATORIA--DEIR EL BAHARI 1 SANATORIA--DEIR EL MEDINA 3 SANATORIA--DENDERA 1 SANATORIA--KANOPUS 4 SANATORIA--KARNAK TEMPLE 5 SANATORIA--NORTH SAQQARA (ASKLEPIEION) 1 SANATORIA--SAVARIA (PANNONIA) * SCALPELS see: SURGERY--INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS 4 SCORPION 5 SELKET 9 SENSES 2 SEQENENRE 1 SERAPEUM 1 SESAME PLANT (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) 13 SETH 3 SETY II 83 SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION 1 SHESEMU (DEITY) 1 SHESHI (QUEEN) 1 SIPTAH 9 SLEEP 10 SMENKHKARE 1 SMITH, G. ELLIOT 2 SOBEK 1 SOKAR 28 SPECIALISM, ANCIENT 5 SPECIALISM, ANCIENT (GENERAL) * SPECIALIZATIONS, MEDICAL see: SPECIALISM 12 STOMATOLOGY 5 SUICIDE * SURGEONS see: PHYSICIANS (PROFESSION); SURGERY 39 SURGERY 10 SURGERY--AMPUTATION 1 SURGERY--CAUTERIZATION 21 SURGERY--CIRCUMCISION 4 SURGERY--CLITORECTOMY 19 SURGERY--INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS 1 SURGERY--SUBINCISION 12 SURGERY--TREPANATION 4 TABOO 3 TATOOING 5 TAWERET (THOERIS) 1 TEFNUT 2 THERMOUTHIS (RENENUTET) 1 THIRST 4 THOTH 1 TIYE (QUEEN) 18 TOXICOLOGY AND POISONS * TREPHINATION see: SURGERY--TREPANATION 12 TUTANKHAMUN 2 TUTHMOSIS I 2 TUTHMOSIS II 3 TUTHMOSIS III 3 TUTHMOSIS IV 44 UROLOGY 10 VETERINARY MEDICINE * VOCABULARY see: LEXICAL STUDIES; ANATOMY--LEXICAL STUDIES * WINE see: DIET AND NUTRITION--WINE; PHARMACOPOEIA--WINE * WOMEN see: OBSTETRICS, GYNAECOLOGY AND CONTRACEPTION * X-RAY see: PALAEOPATHOLOGY--RADIOLOGICAL STUDIES * YOUTH see: PEDIATRICS |