- Flight muscles are classified as either synchronous or asynchronous. On this phylogeny [left] (adapted from Wheeler et al 2001), the occurrence of asynchronous flight is highlighted. One observation is that asynchronous physiology either evolved multiple times or evolved and was subsequently lost in some groups. Lab projects are focused on the evolution of specific myofibrillar proteins in relation with flight physiology.
- Asynchrony depends on the mechanism of "delayed stretch activation". The current model proposes that stretch modifies the myofibrillar structure leading to increase in recruitable myosin heads. C-filament may provide some of the necessary stiffness as well as possible interactions with myosin rods (see projectin project).
-Asynchrony also occurs at constant cytosolic calcium concentration. The distribution and isoforms of several calcium-binding proteins could, therefore, also be affected (see mp20 project).