When citing a document in the footnotes from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades (IMS), cite it in this order:
NB: The Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades is owned and sponsored by Fordham University (see below for examples). Another source you might use for medieval primary texts (but only with prior permission of the instructor!) is The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies, accessed through the IMS.
IMPORTANT: Do not cite the original book from which the IMS scanned and copied the document. It is usually named at the end of the document or located at the bottom of the IMS Web page. Do not cite that original printed publication unless you actually consulted it and handled it and used it yourself. It is a form of plagiarism to mislead the reader into thinking that you used the original book when you did not. The reason here is that the IMS editors frequently revise the wording of the translations to make them clearer, or they modernize the English. If the IMS editors have altered a translation, but, instead, you cite the original book, then you are also providing an incorrect reference for the revised translation as well as exposing your plagiarism.
Footnote: Forms and Format
For the correct form of citing Web pages, on-line journals and e-books in footnotes, see the on-line citation guides for Turabian's Manual, e.g.:
See also the "Paper Requirements"-page of the course Web pages for additional links. While the on-line guides display the formats for citing electronic documents and Web pages, the following examples depict specifically documents accessed through the Internet Medieval Sourcebook and also The ORB.
A. Follow the title and author as they are written on the IMS and The ORB Web pages, e.g.:
1 St. Bernard of Clairvaux, "In Praise of the New Knighthood (Liber ad milites Templi: De laude novae militae)," The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, https://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/bernard.html (accessed November 24, 2010). |
B. Often the IMS treats the medieval author's name technically as part of the document's title, e.g.:
2 "Ernoul: The Battle of Hattin, 1187," Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades, Fordham University, https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1187ernoul.html (accessed November 22, 2010). |
C. In some cases, the document on the Web page is divided into different parts or numbered sub-documents; these are cited as part of the main document-title, e.g.:
3 "William of Tyre: Latin Disarray - Politics in the Latin Kingdom, 1150-1185; 2. Egypt in the Twelfth Century," Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades, Fordham University, https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tyre-latindisarray.html#egypt (accessed November 22, 2010). |
D. In other cases, the document has no clear author, only a title e.g.:
4 "Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi: Richard the Lion-Hearted Conquers Cyprus, 1191," Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades, Fordham University, https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1191cyprus.html (accessed November 22, 2010). |
Bibliography: Form and Format
Bibliography vs. Footnote. In general, a bibliography coming at the end of a paper serves a different purpose than the footnotes within the paper. Footnotes provide specific reference-citations to support the arguments and analyses, so their specific style, form, and punctuation are designed to serve that purpose. A bibliography is merely a listing in one place of all the sources used to write the paper, which is why listings are arranged alphabetically by the last name of each author. Their style, form, and punctuation are designed to serve that purpose. Because, styles, forms, and punctuation of the bibliography differ from the footnotes, it is incorrect merely to copy and paste footnotes directly into the bibliography.
When citing the Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades (IMS) or The ORB in a bibliography, first identify the owner or editor of the Web anthology, the name of the anthology (IMS or The ORB), and the date it was accessed. Note the change of word order and punctuation from the footnotes format:
Bibliograhy Format | Footnote Format |
College of Staten Island, City University of New York. The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies. https://www.the-orb.net/ (accessed November 24, 2010). | 1 St. Bernard of Clairvaux, "In Praise of the New Knighthood (Liber ad milites Templi: De laude novae militae)," The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, https://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/bernard.html (accessed November 24, 2010). |
Fordham University. Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades. https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1k.html (accessed November 2010). | 2 "Ernoul: The Battle of Hattin, 1187," Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades, Fordham University, https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1187ernoul.html (accessed November 22, 2010). |
Gabrieli, Francesco. Arab Historians of the Crusades, transl., E. J. Costello. New York: Dorset Press Reprints Series, 1984. | 3 Ibn al-Athir in F. Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (New York: Dorset Press Reprints Series, 1984), 119. |
IMPORTANT: In the bibliography, the URL marks the homepage of the Web anthology (the IMS or The ORB), not the individual document pages. Although you must cite each and every primary-text document separately in the footnotes, you do NOT list each document separately in the bibliography. They are all part of the same IMS and The ORB anthologies. Just list the Internet Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusades and The ORB only ONCE in the bibliography as a single anthology (just as you would list the Arab Historians of the Crusades only once in the bibliography).