1. Diagram: Structure of Egyptian society: King as focus of society, around whom orbit the social classes
2. Graph: Population of the Nile Valley, 5000 BC - AD 1000 (hypothetical)
3. Chart: Hypothetical Demographic Development in Ancient Egypt (by Region), 4000 BC - 150 BC
4. Chart: Organization of the Egyptian Government in the New Kingdom (O'Connor, 1983 & Cruz-Uribe, 1994)

1. Drawing: Ivory Knife-handle, Gebel el-Arak, Egypt. Mesopotamian motives: master of animals (= Sumerian en) and preying animals, and Mesopotamian-like ships with upraised prows and sterns
2. Drawing: Ivory Knife-handle, Gebel el-Tarif, Egypt. Mesopotamian motives: entwined serpents, rosettes, winged griffin, and preying animals

3. Drawing: Scorpion Macehead, Hierakonpolis. Relief depicting King Scorpion of Hierakonpolis in the ritual of cutting open a dike or canal; dead rekhyt-birds on standards represent defeated people of the Delta-region.
4. Drawing: Narmer Palette, Hierakonpolis. Left side depicts Narmer as King of Upper Egypt performing the ritual execution of a Lower Egyptian captive. The right side depicts him as King of Lower Egypt inspecting ten decapitated corpses.
5. Photo: Ivory Label of Horus Aha Menes. Label from Naqada: Horus Aha-Nebty Men = Menes
6. Drawing: Reconstruction of mastaba of King Djet, Saqqara, Dynasty 1

7. Photo: Funerary Enclosure of Khasekhem, Hierakonpolis, Dynasty 2
8. Photo: Funerary Enclosure of Khasekhem, Hierakonpolis, detail of niched-brick panelled facade
9. Photo: Funerary Enclosure of Khasekhem, Abydos, Dynasty 2
10. Photo: Boat-graves of Khasekhemwy, Abydos, Dynasty 2
11. Drawing: Reconstruction of mastaba of Queen Merneit, Saqqara, Dynasty 1

EGYPT: OLD KINGDOM AND 1ST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

1. Photo: Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser, enclosure wall and main entrance
2. Drawing: Section of Step Pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara, Dynasty 3: detailing five phases in building program leading from mastaba to step pyramid
3. Photo: Pyramid of Huni at Medum
4. Drawing: Section of Pyramid of Huni at Medum, Dynasty 3-4: detailing alteration from step pyramid to true pyramid
5. Photo: Bent Pyramid of Snefru at Dahshur, Dynasty 4
6. Photo: Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) at Giza (photo by Francis Frith)
7. Composite Aerial Photo: Comparison of Khufu's Great Pyramid and College of Charleston campus
8. Photo: Giza, Pyramids of Khufu's Queens and Boat-graves
9. Photo: Giza, mastabas of the Old Kingdom, "City of the Dead"
10. Photo: Giza, Pyramid of Khafre and mortuary temple (from top of Khufu's pyramid)
11. Drawing: Reconstruction of the Pyramids of Abu Sir, Dynasty 5 (color)
12. Drawing: 3-D Reconstruction of pyramid and pyramid temple of King Unas, Saqqara, Dynasty 5 (color)
13. Drawing: Reconstruction of the sun-temple of King Neuserre at Abu Ghurob (Dynasty 5) with benben as cult-focus (color)

14. Drawing: Scenes of grooming and shaving pubes (Old Kingdom wall relief), and circumcision of youth (New Kingdom, Karnak Temple)
15. Photo: Reliefs of circumcision, mastaba of Ankhmahor (Old Kingdom, Saqqara)
16. Drawing: Scenes of circumcision, mastaba of Ankhmahor (Old Kingdom, Saqqara)
17. Photo: Stela of Uha with autobiography and admission of circumcision (First Intermediate Period, Naga el-Deir, Oriental Institute Museum)

EGYPT: MIDDLE KINGDOM AND 2ND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

1. Photo: Mortuary temples of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II and Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari (Dynasty 11, Western Thebes)
2. Plan and reconstruction of the mortuary temple and tomb of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahari (Dynasty 11, Western Thebes)
3. Photo: Statue of Deified King Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II (Deir el-Bahari temple and tomb)
4. Photo: Theban Tomb, Cache of Soldiers Skeletons, Dynasty 11
5. Photo: Detail, Soldiers Skeletons and Weapons
6. Photo: Model of Nubian Archers Marching (Madjay (Cairo Museum)

7. Photo: Statue of King Amenemhat (Karnak temple)
8. Photo: Statue of Sesostris I (MMA-New York)
9. Photo: Statuary of Sesostris III

10. Map: Nubia, Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Amenemhat I
11. Plan: Fort of Buhen, Outer Walls and Citadel (link to CofC overlay)
12. Overlay-Aerial Photo: Comparison of Buhen Fort and College of Charleston campus
13. Plan: Fort of Buhen (Detail: Barbican and Citadel)
14. Overlay-Aerial Photo: Comparison of Buhen (Barbican and Citadel) and College of Charleston campus
15. Photo: 3-Dimensional Reconstruction Buhen from the East (river)
16. Photo: Nubia, Ruins of Fort of Buhen (colorized)
17. Composite Photos: Fort of Buhen (color)

18. Map: Nubia, Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Sesostris III
19. Drawing: Nubia, Semna and Kumma Forts (Nubia)

20. Photo: Second Cataract and Mirgissa Fort from Abusir Rock (1894)
21. Plan: Fort of Mirgissa (after Vercoutter)
22. Photo: Mirgissa Fort, Bastion
23. Drawing: Nubia, Plan and Reconstruction, Fort of Shalfak
24. "Belly of Stones" (Batn el-Hajjar), Second Cataract region, from Fort Uronarti looking northward, AD 1906

25. Map: Second Intermediate Period Political Kingdoms along the Nile River
26. Photo: head of the mummy of King Seqenenre Tao II (Thebes, Dyn. 17)
27. Photo: Second Stela of Kamose (Dyn. 17)

EGYPT: NEW KINGDOM AND EMPIRE

1. Map: Egyptian Empire, New Kingdom
2. Photo: Statuette of Queen Ahmes-Nefertari
3. Genealogical Chart: 17th-18th Dynasty Royal Family (color)
4. Photo: Statue of Amenhotep I
5. Photo: Statue of Queen Ahmes Meritamun (British Museum)

6. Photo: Statue of Thutmose I
7. Drawing: Relief of Queen Ahmes, Mother of Hatshepsut (drawn by Howard Carter, Temple of Deir el-Bahari)

8. Photo: Statue of Queen Hatshepsut
9. Photo: Obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut, decorated pyramidion, Karnak Temple (erased then recarved)
10. Photo: Relief of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III as Co-regents following the Bark of Amun in Procession, Karnak Temple, Red Shrine
11. Drawing: Procession of the Portable Bark-shrine of Amun-Ra, Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak, Dyn. 30 (wall relief, sanctuary facade)
12. Photo: Obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut, decorated pyramidion, Karnak Temple

13. Photo: Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari, Western Thebes
14. Drawing: Reconstruction, Temples of Deir el-Bahari (Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Mentuhotep), Western Thebes (15th century BC)
15. Drawing: Punt Expedition of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari

16. Photo: Western Thebes: Theban Necropolis Aerial from East (entire)
17. Photo: Western Thebes, Deir el-Bahari Temple, Khokha (Aerial) from East
18. Photo: Sheikh Abd el-Qurnah Hill, Rock Tombs (Aerial) from East

19. Photo: Statue of Thutmose III
20. Photo: Statue of Thutmose III (close-up)
21. Photo: Statue of Amenhotep II

22. Plan: Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak
23. Montage: Gold Statue of Amun-Ra, 3rd Intermediate Period. Metropolitan Museum of Art (color)
24. Drawing: Reconstruction of Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak
25. Composite Aerial Photo: Comparison of Karnak Temple and College of Charleston campus
26. Photo: First Pylon-gateway of the Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak
27. Photo: Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak from above First Court
28. Photo: Columns of the Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak
29. Photo: Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak from Sacred Lake

30. Map: Invasion Routes of the Sea People through the Near East
31. Chart/List: Who Were the Sea People?
32. Photo: Medinet Habu Temple Pylon
33. Drawing: Medinet Habu Temple, First Pylon, reconstruction
34. Photo: Medinet Habu Temple High Gateway and Royal Apartments
35. Drawing: Egyptian Land Battle against the Sea People (Medinet Habu): Tableau
36. Drawing: Egyptian Land Battle against the Sea People (Medinet Habu), detail
37. Drawing: Egyptian naval battle against Sea People (Medinet Habu): Tableau
38. Drawing: Relief of Egyptian naval battle against Sea People (Medinet Habu)
39. Photo: Statue of Ramesses III (b/w)
40. Photo: Mummy of Ramesses III (b/w)
41. Photo: Mummy of Ramesses III, detail (color)
42. Photo: Screaming Mummy of Prince Pentaweret (color)

NEW KINGDOM: AMARNA PERIOD AND FOLLOWING

1. Photos: Stela of Amenhotep III (old) vs. Statue of Deified Amenhotep III Rejuvenated
2. Photo: Stela of Amenhotep III as an old man, with Queen Tiye, Amarna. British Museum
3. Photo: Statue of Cult Image of Deified Amenhotep III (red quartzite), the "Dazzling Aten of All Lands" (Luxor Museum)
4. Photos: Statues of Akhenaten and Nefertiti
5. Photo: Stela of Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Daughters
6. Photo: Carved Relief, Akhenaten and Nefertiti Offering Water Jars to the Aten, Followed by Daughter
7. Photos: Depictions of the Goddess Ma'at, "Truth"

8. Photo: Decorated Talatat-blocks from the Temple of the Aten at Karnak, disassembled and mixed
9. Photo: Decorated Talatat-blocks from the Temple of the Aten at Karnak, reconstructed and assembled
10. Photo: Decorated Talatat-blocks from the Temple of the Aten at Karnak: preparing food offerings, making beer
11. Photo: Amarna Tablet no. 365: Letter of Biridiya, Prince of Megiddo, to the King of Egypt (expressing loyalty and cooperation)

12. Photo: Statuette of King Tutankhamun as the God Nefertem (Cairo Museum)
13. Drawing: Reconstruction of the Tombs of Horemheb, Maya and Tiya at Saqqara

EGYPT: POST-NEW KINGDOM

NUBIA: PREHISTORIC AND NEOLITHIC THRU A-GROUP

1. Photo: Nabta Playa Astronomical Observatory, Calendar Ring (c. 4500-3600 BC)
2. Photo: Nabta Playa Astronomical Observatory (c. 4500-3600 BC)
3. Plan: Nabta Playa Calendar Ring and Lines of Sight (c. 4500-3600 BC)

4. Map: A-Group Domain, Lower Nubia (ca. 3700 BC-3000 BC)
5. Map: A-Group Individual Sites
6. Link: Oriental Institute Museum Database, Collection of A-Group Objects
7. Drawing: Qustul Incense Burner, side and top (Cemetery L 24 [1])
8. Photo/Drawing: Qustul Incense Burner (Cemetery L 24 [1])
9. Drawing: "Archaic Horus" Incense Burner, Qustul (Cemetery L 11 [25])
10. Link: Oriental Institute Museum, Qustul Incense Burner (explanation)
11. Drawing: Gebel Sheikh Suleiman Inscription: Egyptian Victory over Nubia or A-Group Victory over Hierakonpolis?

NUBIA: OLD KINGDOM

1. Map: Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Kush and Punt
2. Map: Nubia, Old Kingdom (journeys of Harkhuf, Heqaib, etc.)

NUBIA C-GROUP AND KINGDOM OF KUSH - KERMA

1. Map: Nubia and Upper Egypt, Middle Kingdom
2. Map: Second Intermediate Period Political Kingdoms along the Nile River
3. Map: Lower Nubia and Egypt, Second Intermediate Period

4. Photo: Model of Nubian Archers Marching (Madjay (Cairo Museum)
5. Map: Forts of the Middle Kingdom: Faras through the Second Cataract Region
6. Map: Nubia, Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Amenemhat I
7. Map: Nubia, Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Sesostris III

8. Plan: Nubia, Fort of Buhen, Outer Fortifications and Citadel
9. Plan: Nubia, Fort of Buhen-Detail of Citadel
10. Composite Aerial Photo: Comparison of Buhen Fort and College of Charleston campus
11. Composite Aerial Photo: Comparison of Buhen Fort and College of Charleston campus: Detail, Citadel
12. Photo: Nubia, Ruins of Fort of Buhen (colorized)
13. Composite Photos: Fort of Buhen (color)
14. Photo: 3-Dimensional Reconstruction Buhen from the East (river)
15. Photo: Ruins of Shalfak from the East (1962)
16. Drawing: Plan and Reconstruction, Fort of Shalfak
17. Photo & Sketch: "The Gate of Semna" (1898)
18. Drawing: Nubia, Semna and Kumma Forts (color)
19. Photo: View of Semna and Kumma from South (1898)
20. Photo: View of Semna across to Kumma from West (1898)
21. Photo: View of Kumma from West Bank (1898)

22. Photo: Model of Kerma City (Bonnet)
23. Plan: Kerma City (Bonnet)
24. Plan: Kerma, Kushite Town (Bonnet)
25. Photo: Kerma, Kushite Architectural Remains
26. Photo: Kerma, Western Defuffa
27. Plan: Kerma, W. Defuffa

28. Composite: Kerma Royal Tomb, Tumulus KX, photo of storage galleries and reconstruction of tomb at burial rituals
29. Plan: Kerma Royal Tomb (tumulus), diameter: 90 meters, with sacrificial corridor, burial chamber, and subsidiary grave pits
30. Photo: Kerma Royal Tomb, Tumulus KX, sacrificial corridor strewn with skeletons of human sacrifices, and burial chamber entrance
31. Photo: Kerma, Nubian Bed Burial (typical)

32. Map: Second Intermediate Period Political Kingdoms along the Nile River

NUBIA: NEW KINGDOM AND PRINCEDOM OF TEH-KHET

1. Map: Nubia/Kush, All Forts, Temples, & Archaeological Remains (Old thru New Kingdoms)

2. Photo: Dokki Gel, Egyptian ceremonial center at Kerma (palaces, temples, storehouses, workshops, columned halls, and gateways. Overview.

3. Video: Kurgus, Haggar el-Merwa (Miw), Boundary Stelae of Thutmose I and Thutmose III

4. Photo: Temple of Abu Simbel, Lower Nubia prior to Lake Nasser (Inundation season). Date: Dyn. 19; built by Ramesses II to Amun-Re, Re-Horakhy, Ptah and Ramesses II
5. Photo: Temple of Abu Simbel, Lower Nubia, main temple facade
6. Photo: Temple of Abu Simbel, Lower Nubia, main temple, moving the temple and statues to high ground

7. Photo: Wall Relief: Distribution of Supplies and Clothing to Nubian Soldiers, Egyptian Army. Tomb of Horemheb, Saqqara.
8. Photo: Wall Relief, Tomb of Huy: Procession of Egyptianized Nubians bringing tribute to King Tutankhamun
9. Photo: Rulers of Nubia Bow Down and Give Praise to King Tutankhamun with their sons, princes of Nubia, processing behind them. Theban Tomb #40, Tomb of Huy. The princes are called, "The offspring of the rulers of all the (southern) foreign lands." These chiefs wear Nubian clothing fitting their rank. The princes wear Egyptian clothing, collars, wigs, and head pieces, but jewelry is Nubian.
10. Photo: Procession of Egyptianized Nubian Princes coming before King Tutankhamun. Theban Tomb #40, Tomb of Huy. NB: Different skin colors reveal variant Lower Nubian tribal ethnicities.
11. Photo: Egyptianized Nubian Princess--little girl, Coming to King Tutankhamun with Tribute. Theban Tomb #40, Tomb of Huy. NB: Her chariot, armed with a bow case, is drawn by pair of Nubian oxen. She is small, wears Nubian ornate feathered headdress and Egyptian wig. Tribute bearer carries sack of gold and leopard skin.
12. Detail: Nubian Bearers with Tribute to King Tutankhamun: rings of gold, sack of gold dust, giraffe. Theban Tomb #40, Tomb of Huy.
13. Photo: Wall Scene of Tutankhamun Enthroned Receiving Nubian Vassals (tomb of Huy)

14. Photo: Decorated Box of Tutankhamun, Battle against Nubian bowmen. The fan-bearers behind the king include an Egyptian, Nubian, and Asiatic. Inscription: "The good god, image of Re, who appears (in battle) in foreign lands, just like the rising of Ra, he wiping away this land of vile Kush; shooting his arrows at the enemies."
15. Photo: Tutankhamun Walking Stick Handle, Bound Nubian Captive. An example of sympathetic magic: as the king grips the handle, so he crushes Nubians and Nubia bound in his grasp.

16. Drawing: Captured Peoples of the Egyptian Empire (personification of the "Nine Bows"-enemies), from the throne dais of Amenhotep III
17. Photo: Medinet Habu Palace: Ceramic Wall Inlays, Depictions of Foreign Enemies: Libyan, Nubian, and Asiatics
18. Photo: Medinet Habu Palace: Ceramic Wall Inlays, Depictions of Foreign Enemies: Nubians (2), Asiatics (2), Libyans (2)

19. Photo: Nauri, Upper Nubia, Stela of Seti I
20. Drawing, Nauri Decree Stela of Seti I
21. Photo: Nauri Stela Lunette: Sety I presents ma'at to the gods.
22. Drawing: Nauri Stela Detail, Lunette: Sety I presents ma'at to Amun-Re, Re-Horakhty, and Ptah-Neferher.

NUBIA: KINGDOM OF KUSH - NAPATA AND MEROË (DYNASTY 25 AND LATER)

1. Photo: Wall Scene, Nubian Queen Katimala offering bouquet to Isis with victory inscription, Semna Temple (Dyn. 21-22). Oriental Institute photo P. 3348=N. 2420
2. Photo: Wall Scene, Nubian Queen Katimala victory inscription (hieroglyphic text), Semna Temple (Dyn. 21-22). Oriental Institute photo P. 3349=N. 2423
3. Drawing: Tableau of Queen Katimala at Semna (Dyn. 21-22 [after Darnell]
4. Photo: Wall Scene, Kushite Queen, Napata (1906), enthroned, receiving incense, protected by winged Isis behind
5. Photo: Wall Scene, Kushite Queen: Kandake, Meroë (1906), seated in pavilion, receiving food offerings

6. Chart: Kings of 25th Dynasty, Family Lineage
7. Drawing: Victory Stela of Piye, Gebel Barkal (Dyn. 25)
8. Photo: el-Kurru, Pyramid of Piye and descending corridor (Dyn. 25)
9. Painting: Reconstruction of Jebel Barkal Complex, Napatan Period
10. Photo: Jebel Barkal, the "Pure Mountain", temple and palace at base
11. Photo: High-sloped Pyramid Above Tomb of Sennedjem, Deir el-Medinah, Dyn. 19 (view retored of pyramids on other tombs)
12. Photo: High-sloped Royal Pyramids of Meroë

13. Photo: Wall Relief, Kushite King Arnekhamani before lion-god Apedemak, Prince Arka offers incense, Meroitic Period. Temple of Apedemak, Musawarat el-Sufra
14. Photo: Statues of Kings Aspelta and Anlamani, Napatan Period
15. Photo: Statues of Kushite Kings (Dyn. 25), found in statue cache at Kerma

16. Photo: Hill of Qasr Ibrim from East = Roman Premnis (1962)
17. Photo: Qasr Ibrim from the West = Roman Premnis (1890, colorized)

18. Map: Indigenous Tribes of Northern Sudan, Nubian and Arab
19. Photo: Amarar (Bedja) tribal warrior, 1929, Sudan, with sword, elephant-hide shield, and dagger
20. Photo: Amarar (Bedja) warriors, 1929, Sudan
21. Photo: Bishariin (Bedja) men, 1929, Egypt and Sudan